Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-EuropeanEdit

Alternative reconstructionsEdit

*én^[1]

AdverbEdit

*h₁én^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

in

Derived termsEdit

*h₁én-s
- Hellenic: *ens
  - Ancient Greek: εἰς (eis)

*h₁(e)n-tér (“between”)^[3]^[7]
*h₁én-teros (“inner, located inside”)^[3]
*h₁(e)n-dó (“inside”)^[8]
*h₁en-d(ʰ)r-óm^[9]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic: *ję̄drò
    - East Slavic:
      - Russian: ядро́ (jadró, “kernel, core”), я́дра (jádra)
    - South Slavic:
      - Bulgarian: йе́дро (jédro, “kernel”)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic: је́дро
        
        Latin: jédro
        
        Kajkavian: jādrȅ (“kernel, core”), jãdro
      - Slovene: jédrọ (“kernel, pit”)
    - West Slavic:
      - Czech: jádro (“kernel, core”)
      - Polish: jądro (“grain, kernel, core”)
      - Slovak: jadro (“kernel, core”)
*h₁éni-h₃kʷ-o-, *h₁en-h₃ekʷ-o- (< *h₁eni + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye”))^[2]^[6]
- Celtic: *enekʷo-
  - Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas)
    - Old Irish: enech
      - Irish: eineach
  - Brythonic: *ɨnep
    - Old Breton: enep
    - Old Cornish: eneb
    - Old Welsh: enep
      - Middle Welsh: wyneb
- Hellenic: *enōkʷā́
  - Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)
- Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas
  - Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas
    - Sanskrit: अनीक (ánīka)
  - Iranian: *HániHkah
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀‎ (ainika)
*(h₁)ni- (“down”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian նի- (ni-)
- Celtic: *ni-
  - Old Irish: ne-
- Indo-Iranian: *ní (see there for further descendants)
*h₁n̥-dʰí
*(h₁)ni-tero-
- Germanic: *niþer
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: नितराम् (nitarā́m, “downwards”)
*h₁(e)n-er- (“inner, under”)^[10]
- Germanic: *nurþraz
- Hellenic: νειρός (neirós), νέρτερος (nérteros), ἐνέρτερος (enérteros)
*h₁en-tós (“(from) inside”)^[2]
- Hellenic: *entós
  - Ancient Greek: ἐντός (entós)
- Italic: *entos
  - Latin: intus
  - Venetic: 𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌏𐌋 (entol, “inside”) (< *entos + l-)
*h₁en-tr-om^[11]
- Balto-Slavic: *intró (“liver”)
  - Old Prussian: instran (“fat”)
  - Slavic: *ę̄trò (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian: *Hántram
  - Indo-Aryan: *Hántram
    - Sanskrit: अन्त्र (ántra)
*h₁ón-tr-om
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic:
    *ǭtrò, *vъnǭtrò (“inside, core”) (+ *vъn- (“in”))^[12]
    East Slavic:
    Belarusian: нутро́ (nutró, “inside, core”)
    
    Russian: нутро́ (nutró, “inside, core”)
    
    Ukrainian: нутро́ (nutró, “inside, core”)
    *ǭtròba (“internal organs”)^[13] (see there for further descendants)
    *ǫtrь, *vъnǫtrь (“inside, within”) (+ *vъn- (“in”))^[14]
    East Slavic:
    Old East Slavic: утрь (utrĭ)
    Russian: внутрь (vnutrʹ), внутри́ (vnutrí)
    
    South Slavic:
    Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic: уну́тар, уну́тра
    
    Latin: unútar, unútra
    
    Slovene: nóter, notri
    
    West Slavic:
    Old Czech: vňutř
    Czech: vnitř, uvnitř
    
    Polish: wewnątrz
    
    Slovak: vnútri
    *vъnǭtrьnъ (+ *vъn- (“in”) and *-ьnъ) (see there for further descendants)
    Polish: wnętrze?
- Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ntram
  - Indo-Aryan: *Hāntrám
    - Sanskrit: आन्त्र (āntrá)

DescendantsEdit

Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)
Balto-Slavic: *in (from zero-grade form *h₁n̥)^[4]
- Old Prussian: ēn
- Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)
- Lithuanian: į/in
- Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)
Celtic: *en
- Brythonic: *ɨn
  - Middle Breton: en
    - Breton: e
  - Cornish: yn, en
  - Old Welsh: in
    - Middle Welsh: yn
      - Welsh: yn
- Old Irish: i, hi
  - Irish: i
  - Scottish Gaelic: an
  - Manx: ayns
^[5]
Germanic: *in (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic: *en(i)^[15]
- Ancient Greek: ἐν (en)
  Poetic/Metrical Greek: ἐνί (ení), εἰν (ein), εἰνί (einí)
  
  Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)
  - Greek: εν (en)
Italic: *en^[2]
- Old Latin: en
  - Latin: in (see there for further descendants)
- Oscan: en, -en, -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), 𐌄𐌌- (em-)
- Paelignian: i, -e, em-, in-
- South Picene: -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), -𐌄𐌍 (-en)
- Umbrian: -𐌄𐌌 (-em), -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌄 (-e), -em, -eme, en-
- Venetic: 𐌄𐌔 (es, “unto”) (< *ens)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: -an
- Tocharian B: -ne

ReferencesEdit

^ Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 300
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “inter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 306
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*eni”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 117
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “endo”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 189
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ǭtrò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ǭtròba”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 419

[1] Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press

[DV_in-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 300

[DV_inter-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “inter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 306

[D-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197

[M_eni-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*eni”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 116

[M_enekwo--6] 6.0 ^6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115

[M_enter-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 117

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “endo”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 189

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157

[10] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765

[11] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158

[12] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ǭtrò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387

[13] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ǭtròba”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387

[14] Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387

[15] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 419

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