Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eHs-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*h₂eh₁s-^[1]^[2]
*h₂es-^[3]^[4], *ā̆s-^[5]

Etymology

Appears to be suffixed/extended from the root *h₂eh₁- as found in Palaic [script needed] (hāri), [script needed] (hānta, “to heat up”, intransitive), Proto-Celtic *ā-tis (“furnace, oven”) and PIE *h₂éh₁-tēr (“fire”);^[6]^[7] see also *h₂eh₃- (“to burn, be hot”). Alternatively from *h₂ed-s- with dissimilation; see reconstruction notes.

Root

*h₂eHs-

to be dry, to dry
to burn, to glow
hearth
ashes

Reconstruction

The long-vowel forms reflecting *ās- < *HaHs- have been explained as taken from a reduplicated perfect *h₂e-h₂s-, thus *h₂es- could be original, nicely explaining the short vowels.^[3]^[4] However, the morphological motivation for deriving nouns from such a stem *h₂e-h₂s- is unclear (but cf. *kʷé-kʷl-os, *bʰé-bʰr-us).
On the other hand, Kloekhorst argues that Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒀸 (ḫāš, “ash”), 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 (ḫāššāš, “fireplace, hearth”) (and therefore also Old Latin āsa (“altar”) and cognates) can only reflect *h₂eh₁s-.^[8]^[9] Beekes interprets this *h₂eh₁s- as dissimilated regularly from *h₂ed-s- in pre-PIE, from the root *h₂ed- as found in Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (ḫāti).^[10] To this root, he and Puhvel^[11] add Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō), and Kroonen adds Proto-Germanic *azgǭ.^[12]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eHs- (18 c, 0 e)

*h₂eHs-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *āzēō
  - Latin: āreō (“to be dry”)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: asāre (“dried up”, verb)^[2]
*h₂éH-mr̥ (probably)
*h₂éHs-s (root noun)^[8]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāšš-, “ash(es); dust; soap”)
*h₂eHs-h₂- (“hearth, fireplace”)^[1]
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāššā-, “fireplace, hearth”)^[9]
  - Lycian: 𐊜𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊅𐊆 c (xahadi-, “altar”)
- Proto-Italic: *āzā (“altar”)
  - Old Latin: āsa
    - Latin: āra (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: aasa- (“altar”)
*h₂s-tḗr (“star”)
Unsorted formations:
- Germanic:
  - Proto-Germanic: *asjō^[4]
    - Old High German: essa (“furnace”)
  - Proto-Norse: ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina, “ash”)
    - Old Norse: arinn (“hearth, fireplace”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHsas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHsas
    - Sanskrit: आस (ā́sa, “ashes, dust”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *HáHhah
    - Ormuri: [script needed] (yānak, “ash”) < *ās-naka-
    - Persian: آهک (âhak, “lime”)
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: asatär (“dries up”)
  - Tocharian B: osotär (“dries up”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *āstäre (“pure”) (possibly)^[13]
  - Tocharian A: āştär (“pure”)
  - Tocharian B: astare (“pure”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *ās-^[14]
  - Tocharian A: ās-
  - Tocharian B: ās-
enlarged with a dental
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հաստեայ (hasteay, “kind of pastry”) (possibly)
  - Old Armenian: ոստին (ostin, “dry”) (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Czech: ozditi (“to dry malt”)
  - Old Polish: ozd (“dry malt”)
- Hellenic:
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἄζω (ázō, “to dry”) (or simply from *h₂ed-ye-^[11]^[10])
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (astaucä, “dry land”)
    - → Old Armenian: աստուճ (astuč, “dry (of bread)”)
- Proto-Italic: *assos (“dried, roasted”)
  - Latin: assus (“roasted, baked”)
enlarged with a velar
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”)
  - Old Armenian: ազազիմ (azazim, “to grow dry”)
  - Old Armenian: ասկն (askn, “ruby”) (possibly)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *askǭ (“ash, ashes”) (or from *h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-?^[12]) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἄσβολος (ásbolos, “soot”), ἀσβόλη (asbólē)
- →? Proto-Finnic: *kaski (“swidden”) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 49, 53, 58f
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 257–258
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Lubotsky A. M. (1985) “The PIE word for ‘dry’”, in ZVS‎^[1], volume 98, pages 1–10
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 53–54
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 68–69
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 257
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*āti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 45
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫāšš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 318–319: “PIE *h₂éh₁s-s, *h₂éh₁s-m, h₂h₁s-ós”
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫāššā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 322–323
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄζω 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 26–27
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Puhvel, Jaan (1991) Hittite Etymological Dictionary (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 5), volume 3, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 274f
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*askōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 38
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “astare”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 36-37
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 63

Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 371f, 376f
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 7, 44, 118f
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 170b

[De_Vaan_2008-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 49, 53, 58f

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 257–258

[Lubotsky-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Lubotsky A. M. (1985) “The PIE word for ‘dry’”, in ZVS‎^[1], volume 98, pages 1–10

[Schrijver-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 53–54

[5] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 68–69

[6] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 257

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*āti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 45

[Kloekhorst_1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫāšš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 318–319: “PIE *h₂éh₁s-s, *h₂éh₁s-m, h₂h₁s-ós”

[Kloekhorst_2-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫāššā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 322–323

[Beekes-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄζω 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 26–27

[Puhvel-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Puhvel, Jaan (1991) Hittite Etymological Dictionary (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 5), volume 3, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 274f

[Kroonen-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*askōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 38

[13] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “astare”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 36-37

[14] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 63

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]