User:Frigoris/Consonantal changes

Sound changes from Indo./Iranian/Toch. languages into Chinese, possibly reflecting underlying Prakrit/Toch./otherwise IE languages.

tr before e/i -> l ~ r
- 利 (MC lijH) in 忉利天 ~ Gandhari 𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨁𐨭 (triśa, “thirty”), Sanskrit त्रिंशत् (triṃśat)
- 利 (MC lijH) in 剎利 (MC tsrhaet lijH) = 剎帝利 (MC tsrhaet tejH lijH) ~ Sanskrit क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya), but this is fairly expected from Skt. too: tr -> t.l
- 彌勒 (MC mjie lok) ~ Tocharian A Metrak: not into *mVt-rVk, but *mV-trVk > mV-lVk

d/dv before i (and e?) -> l
- 閻浮利 (MC yem bjuw lijH) ~ Gandhari 𐨗𐨎𐨦𐨂𐨡𐨁𐨬 (jaṃbudiva), Khotanese Jaṃbutīvä, Tocharian B Jambudvīp, Sanskrit जम्बुद्वीप (jambudvīpa); from द्वीप (dvīpa), see Pali dīpa
Cf. ḍ -> ḷ -> l, as in 迦樓羅 (MC kja|kae luw la) ~ Sanskrit गरुड (garuḍa), Pali garuḷa
- d ~ l alternation so "natural", the Sogdians uses the lamedh letter for /θ, ð/

ś ~ s -> y (IPA /j/) before/with -k-/-g-
- As in Ashoka's name, 阿育 (MC 'a yuwk) ~ Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓 (asoka), component from Sanskrit शोक (śoka)
- 劫波育 (MC kjaep pa yuwk) ~ Sanskrit कर्पास (karpāsa), possibly reflecting underlying Prakrit/intermediate lang. -k(a) (attributive? "made of cotton", see vrddhied कार्पासक (kārpāsaka)) or °sakī for feminine
- 夷 (MC yij) in 優婆夷 (MC 'juw ba yij) ~ BHS Sanskrit उपासिका f (upāsikā), Tocharian B upāsakāñca; in the masculine: Ashokan Prakrit 𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀓 (upāsaka); Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨯𐨒 m (uvasaga) sometimes with cauda combined to s, 𐨀𐨂𐨀𐨯𐨹𐨅𐨀𐨞 m pl (uas̲eaṇa, genitive), 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨯𐨹𐨒𐨅𐨞𐨆 m sg (uvas̲ageṇo, instrumental)