Wiktionary

利

利 U+5229, 利
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5229
← 刨
[U+5228] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 刪 →
[U+522A]
利 U+F9DD, 利
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DD
← 隆
[U+F9DC] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 吏 →
[U+F9DE]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

利 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹木中弓 (HDLN), four-corner 22900, composition ⿰禾刂)

Derived characters edit

Descendants edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 138, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1932
  • Dae Jaweon: page 313, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 329, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5229

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 利

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 利
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
犁 *riːl, *ril
黎 *riːl
莉 *riːl, *r'il, *r'i
黧 *riːl
鯬 *riːl, *ril
筣 *riːl, *ri
蔾 *riːl, *ril
藜 *riːl
邌 *riːl
瓈 *riːl
鵹 *rel
棃 *ril
梨 *ril
蟍 *ril
蜊 *ril
鑗 *ril
利 *rids
痢 *rids
浰 *riːns

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 禾 (“grain”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to reap grain (禾) with a knife (刀).

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri:t (“to reap, scrape, shave, cut, sever”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007); cognate to Mizo rîit (“to scrap with a hoe”), Western Gurung [script needed] (wriqba, “to scratch”), Burmese ရိတ် (rit, “to cut, reap, mow shave”).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note: lê - sense “sharp” only.
Note:
  • lāi - vernacular;
  • lī - literary.
Note:
  • li6 - literary;
  • lai7 - vernacular.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 脂 (15)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 力至切
    Baxter lijH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/liɪH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/liH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ljɪH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/liH/
    Li
    Rong         		/liH/
    Wang
    Li         		/liH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/liH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lei6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lì
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lijH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.ri[t]-s/
    English sharp; profit

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 利
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7898
    Phonetic
    component         		利
    Rime
    group         		至
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		利
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rids/

    Definitions edit

    利

    1. benefit; advantage
    2. profit
      薄利多銷／薄利多销  ―  bólìduōxiāo  ―  small profits but quick returns
    3. (finance) interest
      高利貸／高利贷  ―  gāolìdài  ―  usury; high-interest loan
    4. to benefit; to be beneficial to
    5. favourable; successful
    6. sharp; sharp-edged
    7. a surname
      利希慎 [Cantonese]  ―  lei6 hei1 san6 [Jyutping]  ―  Lee Hysan (Hong Kong opium merchant)

    Synonyms edit

    Dialectal synonyms of 快 (“sharp; sharp-edged”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 鋒利, 銳利
    Mandarin Beijing 快
    Taiwan 利
    Jinan 快
    Xi'an 快
    Wuhan 快
    Chengdu 快
    Yangzhou 快
    Hefei 快
    Singapore 利
    Cantonese Guangzhou 利
    Hong Kong 利
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 快, 利
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 利, 快
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 利, 快
    Yangjiang 利
    Gan Nanchang 快
    Hakka Meixian 利
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 利
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 利
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 利
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 利
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 利
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 利
    Hong Kong 快
    Jin Taiyuan 快
    Min Bei Jian'ou 利
    Min Dong Fuzhou 利
    Min Nan Xiamen 利
    Tainan 利
    Penang (Hokkien) 利
    Chaozhou 利
    Wu Shanghai 快
    Suzhou 快
    Wenzhou 快
    Xiang Changsha 快
    Shuangfeng 快

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic (利):
    • → Japanese: 利(り) (ri)
    • → Korean: 리/이(利) (ri/i)
    • → Vietnamese: lợi (利)

    Others:

    Pronunciation 2 edit

    Definitions edit

    利

    1. Used in 利市 (“red packets”).
    2. (Cantonese) Used in 老利 (lou5 lai6-2).

    Compounds edit

    Further reading edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    利

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. profit, benefit

    Readings edit

    Compounds edit

    Etymology edit

    Kanji in this term
    利
    り
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 利 (lijH, “profit”).

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    利(り) • (ri) 

    1. profit, benefit, advantage

    Antonyms edit

    Verb edit

    利(り)する • (ri suru) suru (stem 利(り)し (ri shi), past 利(り)した (ri shita))

    1. to benefit

    Conjugation edit

    Conjugation of "利する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
    Mizenkei ("imperfective") 利し りし ri shi
    Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 利し りし ri shi
    Shūshikei ("terminal") 利する りする ri suru
    Rentaikei ("attributive") 利する りする ri suru
    Kateikei ("hypothetical") 利すれ りすれ ri sure
    Meireikei ("imperative") 利せよ¹
    利しろ²         		りせよ¹
    りしろ²         		ri seyo¹
    ri shiro²
    Key constructions
    Passive 利される りされる ri sareru
    Causative 利させる
    利さす         		りさせる
    りさす         		ri saseru
    ri sasu
    Potential 利できる りできる ri dekiru
    Volitional 利しよう りしよう ri shiyō
    Negative 利しない りしない ri shinai
    Negative continuative 利せず りせず ri sezu
    Formal 利します りします ri shimasu
    Perfective 利した りした ri shita
    Conjunctive 利して りして ri shite
    Hypothetical conditional 利すれば りすれば ri sureba
    ¹ Written imperative

    ² Spoken imperative

    References edit

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    利 (eumhun 이로울 리 (iroul ri), South Korea 이로울 이 (iroul i))

    1. Hanja form? of 리 (“benefit”).

    Compounds edit

    Old Korean edit

    Alternative forms edit

    • 刂 (*-i) (gugyeol abbreviation)
    • 伊 (*-i)
    • 次 (*-i) (semantically adapted phonogram, potential variant)

    Particle edit

    利 (*-i)

    1. and (connecting particle for nouns)
      • mid-6th century, Wooden Tablet #221 from Seongsan Sanseong, Haman:
        人次人嗚
        many people [lit. people and people] lamented
      • c. 965, 均如 (Gyunyeo), “隨喜功德歌 (Suhuigongdeok-ga)”, in 均如傳 (Gyunyeo-jeon):
        佛伊衆生毛叱所只
        so that there is no [more] "Buddha and the sentient beings"
      • 10th century, Interpretive jeomto gugyeol glosses to Volume 20 of the Jinbon Avatamsaka Sutra:
        一切諸佛刂菩薩
        Each and every Buddha and bodhisattva

    Usage notes edit

    利 (*-i) was used to denote particularly intimate connections between nouns, compared to 果 (*-kwa) which had a more general use. The particle was totally extinct by the fifteenth century, and has no known Middle Korean reflex.

    The sixth-century attestation given above is the reading of the tablet by linguist Lee Seungjae, who is the only person so far to have interpreted the text. It is possible that future interpreters will analyze 次 differently.

    See also edit

    • 果 (*-kwa, “and; with”, comitative case marker)

    References edit

    • 박진호 (Bak Jin-ho) (2007), “Hyangga haedok-gwa gugeo munbeopsa [Hyangga interpretations and the history of Korean grammar]”, in Gugeohak, volume 51, pages 313–338
    • 이승재 (Lee Seungjae) (2017) Mokgan-e girokdoen Godae Han'gugeo [The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets)], Ilchogak, →ISBN

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    利: Hán Việt readings: lợi[1][2][3]
    利: Nôm readings: lời[1][2][3][4], lợi[1][2][3], rời[1][2], rơi[1], ráy[1], lì[3], rị, lệ

    1. chữ Hán form of lợi (“profit”).
    2. Nôm form of lời (“profit; interest”).

    References edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Hồ (1976).
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