利
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TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
利 (radical 18, 刀+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹木中弓 (HDLN), four-corner 22900, composition ⿰禾刂)
Derived charactersEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 138, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1932
- Dae Jaweon: page 313, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 329, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5229
ChineseEdit
simp. and trad. |
利 |
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Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 利 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意): 禾 (“grain”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to reap grain (禾) with a knife (刀).
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri:t (“to reap, scrape, shave, cut, sever”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007); cognate to Mizo rîit (“to scrap with a hoe”), Western Gurung [script needed] (wriqba, “to scratch”), Burmese ရိတ် (rit, “to cut, reap, mow shave”)
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
利
- benefit; advantage
- (finance) interest
- to benefit; to be beneficial to
- favourable; successful
- sharp; sharp-edged
- A surname.
CompoundsEdit
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JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
- Kun: きく (kiku, 利く, Jōyō); よい (yoi, 利い); するどい (surudoi, 利い); とし (toshi, 利し)
CompoundsEdit
- 砂利 (jari, “gravel; child”), 砂利 (zari, “gravel”)
- 利益 (rieki)
- 利害 (rigai)
- 利権 (riken)
- 利己 (riko)
- 利口 (rikō)
- 利子 (rishi, “interest”)
- 利鞘 (rizaya, “profit margin”)
- 利息 (risoku, “interest”)
- 利発 (rihatsu)
- 利便 (riben)
- 利便性 (ribensei)
EtymologyEdit
Kanji in this term |
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利 |
り Grade: 4 |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 利 (lijH, “profit”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
AntonymsEdit
VerbEdit
利する • (ri suru) suru (stem 利し (ri shi), past 利した (ri shita))
- to benefit
ConjugationEdit
Stem forms | ||||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 利し | りし | ri shi | |
Continuative (連用形) | 利し | りし | ri shi | |
Terminal (終止形) | 利する | りする | ri suru | |
Attributive (連体形) | 利する | りする | ri suru | |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 利すれ | りすれ | ri sure | |
Imperative (命令形) | 利せよ¹ 利しろ² |
りせよ¹ りしろ² |
ri seyo¹ ri shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 利される | りされる | ri sareru | |
Causative | 利させる 利さす |
りさせる りさす |
ri saseru ri sasu | |
Potential | 利できる | りできる | ri dekiru | |
Volitional | 利しよう | りしよう | ri shiyō | |
Negative | 利しない | りしない | ri shinai | |
Negative continuative | 利せず | りせず | ri sezu | |
Formal | 利します | りします | ri shimasu | |
Perfective | 利した | りした | ri shita | |
Conjunctive | 利して | りして | ri shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 利すれば | りすれば | ri sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
ReferencesEdit
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
利 (eumhun 이로울 리 (iroul ri), South Korea 이로울 이 (iroul i))
CompoundsEdit
Old KoreanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
ParticleEdit
利 (*-i)
- and (connecting particle for nouns)
- mid-6th century, Wooden Tablet #221 from Seongsan Sanseong, Haman:
- 人次人嗚
- many people [lit. people and people] lamented
- c. 965, 均如 (Gyunyeo), “隨喜功德歌 (Suhuigongdeok-ga)”, in 均如傳 (Gyunyeo-jeon) [Works of Gyunyeo]:
- 佛伊衆生毛叱所只
- so that there is no [more] "Buddha and the sentient beings"
- 10th century, Interpretive jeomto gugyeol glosses to Volume 20 of the Jinbon Avatamsaka Sutra:
- 一切諸佛刂菩薩
- Each and every Buddha and bodhisattva
Usage notesEdit
利 (*-i) was used to denote particularly intimate connections between nouns, compared to 果 (*-kwa) which had a more general use. The particle was totally extinct by the fifteenth century, and has no known Middle Korean reflex.
The sixth-century attestation given above is the reading of the tablet by linguist Lee Seungjae, who is the only person so far to have interpreted the text. It is possible that future interpreters will analyze 次 differently.
See alsoEdit
- 果 (*-kwa, “and; with”, comitative case marker)
ReferencesEdit
- 박진호 (Bak Jin-ho) (2007) , “Hyangga haedok-gwa gugeo munbeopsa [Hyangga interpretations and the history of Korean grammar]”, in Gugeohak, volume 51, pages 313–338
- 이승재 (Lee Seungjae) (2017) Mokgan-e girokdoen Godae Han'gugeo [The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets)], Ilchogak, →ISBN
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
利: Hán Việt readings: lợi[1][2][3]
利: Nôm readings: lời[1][2][3][4], lợi[1][2][3], rời[1][2], rơi[1], ráy[1], lì[3]