calx
English
editEtymology
editFrom Latin calx (“lime”). Doublet of cauk and chalk.
Pronunciation
edit- IPA(key): /kælks/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
- Rhymes: -ælks
Noun
editcalx (plural calces or calxes)
- (now chiefly historical) The substance which remains after a metal or mineral has been thoroughly burnt, once seen as being the essential substance left after the expulsion of phlogiston, but now recognised as being the metallic oxide (or, in some cases, the metal in a state of sublimation).
- 1796, Erasmus Darwin, “[Class III. Diseases of Volition.] Ordo I. Increased Volition. Genus II. With Increased Actions of the Organs of Sense.”, in Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life, volume II, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], →OCLC, paragraph 12, page 375:
- [S]ome ladies apply to what are termed coſmetics under various names, which crowd the newspapers. Of theſe the white has deſtroyed the health of thouſands; a calx, or magiſtery, of biſmuth is ſuppoſed to be ſold in the ſhops for this purpoſe; but it is either, I am informed, in part or entirely white lead or ceruffa. […] The real calx of biſmuth would probably have the ſame ill effect.
- 2004, Robert E Schofield, The Enlightened Joseph Priestley, Pennsylvania State University, page 179:
- The regeneration of mercury from its calx, without addition of any other substance, had been a chief example for anti-phlogiston, but that could, as Kirwan showed, be explained in a way consistent with phlogiston theory.
- In the Eton College wall game, an area at the end of the field where a shy can be scored by lifting the ball against the wall with one's foot.
Translations
editsubstance which remains after a metal or mineral has been thoroughly burnt
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Latin
editPronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /kalks/, [käɫ̪ks̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /kalks/, [kälks]
Etymology 1
editPossibly from Ancient Greek χάλιξ (khálix, “pebble”), in any case of substrate origin.[1]
Noun
editcalx f (genitive calcis); third declension
Declension
editThird-declension noun (i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | calx | calcēs |
Genitive | calcis | calcium |
Dative | calcī | calcibus |
Accusative | calcem | calcēs calcīs |
Ablative | calce | calcibus |
Vocative | calx | calcēs |
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editDescendants
edit- Franco-Provençal: chôlx
- Gallo-Italic
- Old French: chaus
- French: chaux
- Old Occitan:
- Italo-Dalmatian
- West Iberian
- Aragonese: calso
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calciāta (“paved road”)
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calcīna (“lime, limestone”)
- Gallo-Italic
- Italo-Dalmatian
- Old Occitan:
- West Iberian
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calem (through *calis, from cals)
- Borrowings
Etymology 2
editUncertain, with possibilities including:[2]
- An extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)kel- (“to bend”).
- Non-Indo-European (possibly Etruscan) origin;[3][4] however, de Vaan notes the lack of a "concrete comparandum" for this.
- From Proto-Indo-European *klHk(ᵂ)-(n)-, related to Serbo-Croatian kuk (“thigh, hip”), Bulgarian кълка (kǎlka, “hip”), Russian колк (kolk, “bony stump”), Latvian kulksnis (“hock”), Lithuanian kulksnis (“ankle”), Old Prussian culczi (“hip”).
Noun
editcalx f (genitive calcis); third declension
Declension
editThird-declension noun (i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | calx | calcēs |
Genitive | calcis | calcium |
Dative | calcī | calcibus |
Accusative | calcem | calcēs calcīs |
Ablative | calce | calcibus |
Vocative | calx | calcēs |
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Direct reflexes:
- Derived forms:
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calcīcāre
- Catalan: calcigar
- Occitan: calcigar
- Sardinian: accaccigai
- ⇒ Medieval Latin: calcatrippa
- → Old English: calcatrippe
- English: caltrop
- → Old English: calcatrippe
- ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *calcīcāre
References
edit- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “calx, -cis 'lime, limestone'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “calx, -cis 'heel; hoof'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86
- ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “calcaneus”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Schrijver, P. (2024). The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin. Netherlands: Brill, p. 207
Further reading
edit- (limestone) “calx”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- (heel) “calx”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “calx”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- calx in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- calx in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Categories:
- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Latin
- English doublets
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Rhymes:English/ælks
- Rhymes:English/ælks/1 syllable
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- English terms with historical senses
- English terms with quotations
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Latin terms derived from substrate languages
- Latin lemmas
- Latin nouns
- Latin third declension nouns
- Latin feminine nouns in the third declension
- Latin feminine nouns
- Latin terms with unknown etymologies
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms borrowed from Etruscan
- Latin terms derived from Etruscan
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