paska

See also: páska, påska, and Paška

English

Etymology

From Ukrainian па́ска (páska) and Russian па́ска (páska), borrowing from Ancient Greek πάσκα (páska), phonetic variant of πάσχα (páskha), from Aramaic פסחא (pasḥa), from Hebrew פֶּסַח (pesaḥ). Doublet of Pesach.

Noun

paska (countable and uncountable, plural paskas)

1. (Canada) A traditional Ukrainian egg bread, often decorated, used in Easter traditions.
2. Alternative form of paskha

Translations

Ukrainian egg bread

• Ukrainian: па́ска (páska)

paskha — see paskha

Anagrams

• Kaaps, kapas

Chickasaw

FWOTD – 17 April 2017

Etymology

Cognate to Choctaw paska (“bread; to make bread”), Creek apáski (“parched meal”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pas.ka/

Noun

paska (alienable)

1. bread, a loaf of bread
   • 1984, Pamela Munro, cited in External possession (eds. Doris Payne and Immanuel Barshi), p. 121:

     Ofi'-at ihoo-ā paska im-apa-tok.
     dog-NOM woman-OBL bread 3SG:REC-eat-PAST
     'The dog ate the woman's bread.'

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. biscuits

Inflection

Class III Noun Possession (Alienable)

Nouns in vowel-, b-, or p-	Singular	Plural	Inclusive Tri-Plural
1st-person ("my, our")	ampaska am-paska	pompaska pom-paska	hapompaska hapom-paska
2nd-person ("thy, your")	chimpaska chim-paska	hachimpaska hachim-paska
3rd-person ("his, her, its, their")	impaska im-paska

Derived terms

• oshpaanimpaska
• pakka
• paska banaa'
• paska bosholli'
• paska champoli'
• paska chilili'
• paska hakshop
• paska hawashko'
• paska holiito'pa'
• paska hoshollo'
• paska ikbi'
• paska ishbilamachi'
• paska ishshatabli'
• paska kallo'
• paska latassa'
• paska nipi' ittalatta'a'
• paska shatabli'
• paska shila'
• paska toba'
• paska toshafa'
• paska toshahli'
• paskaa-alhposha'
• paskaaikbi'
• paskaalhto'
• paskaanonachi'
• paskaaposhli'
• paskalhfola'
• paskalhposha'
• paskawaalhaali'
• paskinkano'miksho'
• paskishkatolhlhi'
• paskishtonton'kalhchi'
• paskokchamali'

 

Verb

paska (active, in/transitive)

1. to make bread (I)
2. to make baked goods (I;3)
3. to make into bread (I;II)

Inflection

Class I Verb Subjects (Active)

Verbs beginning with a consonant.	Singular	Plural	Inclusive Tri-Plural
1st-person (I, we)	paskali paska-li	iipaska / iliipaska / liipaska ii-paska / ilii-paska / lii-paska	iloopaska iloo-paska
2nd-person (you, you all)	ishpaska ish-paska	hashpaska hash-paska
3rd-person (he, she, it, they)	paska	(hoo)paska (hoo-)paska

Derived terms

• pá'ska

Estonian

Noun

paska

1. partitive singular of pask
2. illative singular of pask

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paska, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *pućka (with irregular vowel development). Cognate with Estonian pask, Northern Sami baika, Erzya пскиземс (pskiźems, “to have diarrhea”), Eastern Mari пушкедаш (puškedaš, “to defecate”), Hungarian fos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑskɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝s̠kɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑskɑ
• Syllabification^(key): pas‧ka

Noun

paska

1. (dated or vulgar) shit, crap, turd (excrement)

   Synonyms: kakka, kakki, pee, uloste

   Astuin koiranpaskaan.

   I stepped in dog shit.

2. (vulgar) bullshit, crap, shit, nonsense (false or exaggerated statements made to impress and deceive the listener rather than inform)

   Synonyms: hevonpaska, paskapuhe, roska, schaissa, soopa

   puhua paskaa ― to bullshit

3. (vulgar) piece of shit, crap (bad thing, something of poor quality)

   Synonyms: moska, romu, schaissa

   Vie tämä paska takaisin sinne, mistä ostit sen.

   Take this piece of shit back where you bought it.

4. (vulgar) Synonym of paskiainen (“piece of shit, sense despicable person”)

   Sinä olet täysi paska.

   You are a complete piece of shit.

5. (vulgar, with suffix -kaan/-kään) shit, jack shit (nothing, lack of anything of value)

   Synonym: mitään

   Et tiedä politiikasta paskaakaan.

   You don't know jack shit about politics.

   En välitä paskaakaan siitä, mitä ajattelet.

   I don't give a shit (about) what you think.

Declension

Inflection of paska (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		paska	paskat
genitive		paskan	paskojen
partitive		paskaa	paskoja
illative		paskaan	paskoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		paska	paskat
accusative	nom.	paska	paskat
	gen.	paskan
genitive		paskan	paskojen paskainrare
partitive		paskaa	paskoja
inessive		paskassa	paskoissa
elative		paskasta	paskoista
illative		paskaan	paskoihin
adessive		paskalla	paskoilla
ablative		paskalta	paskoilta
allative		paskalle	paskoille
essive		paskana	paskoina
translative		paskaksi	paskoiksi
abessive		paskatta	paskoitta
instructive		—	paskoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of paska (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative paskani paskani accusative nom. paskani paskani gen. paskani genitive paskani paskojeni paskainirare partitive paskaani paskojani inessive paskassani paskoissani elative paskastani paskoistani illative paskaani paskoihini adessive paskallani paskoillani ablative paskaltani paskoiltani allative paskalleni paskoilleni essive paskanani paskoinani translative paskakseni paskoikseni abessive paskattani paskoittani instructive — — comitative — paskoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative paskasi paskasi accusative nom. paskasi paskasi gen. paskasi genitive paskasi paskojesi paskaisirare partitive paskaasi paskojasi inessive paskassasi paskoissasi elative paskastasi paskoistasi illative paskaasi paskoihisi adessive paskallasi paskoillasi ablative paskaltasi paskoiltasi allative paskallesi paskoillesi essive paskanasi paskoinasi translative paskaksesi paskoiksesi abessive paskattasi paskoittasi instructive — — comitative — paskoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paskamme paskamme accusative nom. paskamme paskamme gen. paskamme genitive paskamme paskojemme paskaimmerare partitive paskaamme paskojamme inessive paskassamme paskoissamme elative paskastamme paskoistamme illative paskaamme paskoihimme adessive paskallamme paskoillamme ablative paskaltamme paskoiltamme allative paskallemme paskoillemme essive paskanamme paskoinamme translative paskaksemme paskoiksemme abessive paskattamme paskoittamme instructive — — comitative — paskoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paskanne paskanne accusative nom. paskanne paskanne gen. paskanne genitive paskanne paskojenne paskainnerare partitive paskaanne paskojanne inessive paskassanne paskoissanne elative paskastanne paskoistanne illative paskaanne paskoihinne adessive paskallanne paskoillanne ablative paskaltanne paskoiltanne allative paskallenne paskoillenne essive paskananne paskoinanne translative paskaksenne paskoiksenne abessive paskattanne paskoittanne instructive — — comitative — paskoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative paskansa paskansa accusative nom. paskansa paskansa gen. paskansa genitive paskansa paskojensa paskainsarare partitive paskaansa paskojaan paskojansa inessive paskassaan paskassansa paskoissaan paskoissansa elative paskastaan paskastansa paskoistaan paskoistansa illative paskaansa paskoihinsa adessive paskallaan paskallansa paskoillaan paskoillansa ablative paskaltaan paskaltansa paskoiltaan paskoiltansa allative paskalleen paskallensa paskoilleen paskoillensa essive paskanaan paskanansa paskoinaan paskoinansa translative paskakseen paskaksensa paskoikseen paskoiksensa abessive paskattaan paskattansa paskoittaan paskoittansa instructive — — comitative — paskoineen paskoinensa

Adjective

paska (comparative paskempi, superlative paskin) (vulgar)

1. shitty, crappy (bad, sick, or depressed)

   Hän on paskassa kunnossa.

   He is in a shitty condition.

2. crappy, shitty, lousy, tatty (of poor quality)

   Tuo on paska auto.

   That is a crappy car.

3. (in essive or translative) fucked (broken)

   Tietokoneeni on paskana.

   My computer is fucked.

   Tietokoneeni meni paskaksi.

   My computer broke down.

Declension

Inflection of paska (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		paska	paskat
genitive		paskan	paskojen
partitive		paskaa	paskoja
illative		paskaan	paskoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		paska	paskat
accusative	nom.	paska	paskat
	gen.	paskan
genitive		paskan	paskojen paskainrare
partitive		paskaa	paskoja
inessive		paskassa	paskoissa
elative		paskasta	paskoista
illative		paskaan	paskoihin
adessive		paskalla	paskoilla
ablative		paskalta	paskoilta
allative		paskalle	paskoille
essive		paskana	paskoina
translative		paskaksi	paskoiksi
abessive		paskatta	paskoitta
instructive		—	paskoin
comitative		—	paskoine

Possessive forms of paska (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative paskani paskani accusative nom. paskani paskani gen. paskani genitive paskani paskojeni paskainirare partitive paskaani paskojani inessive paskassani paskoissani elative paskastani paskoistani illative paskaani paskoihini adessive paskallani paskoillani ablative paskaltani paskoiltani allative paskalleni paskoilleni essive paskanani paskoinani translative paskakseni paskoikseni abessive paskattani paskoittani instructive — — comitative — paskoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative paskasi paskasi accusative nom. paskasi paskasi gen. paskasi genitive paskasi paskojesi paskaisirare partitive paskaasi paskojasi inessive paskassasi paskoissasi elative paskastasi paskoistasi illative paskaasi paskoihisi adessive paskallasi paskoillasi ablative paskaltasi paskoiltasi allative paskallesi paskoillesi essive paskanasi paskoinasi translative paskaksesi paskoiksesi abessive paskattasi paskoittasi instructive — — comitative — paskoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paskamme paskamme accusative nom. paskamme paskamme gen. paskamme genitive paskamme paskojemme paskaimmerare partitive paskaamme paskojamme inessive paskassamme paskoissamme elative paskastamme paskoistamme illative paskaamme paskoihimme adessive paskallamme paskoillamme ablative paskaltamme paskoiltamme allative paskallemme paskoillemme essive paskanamme paskoinamme translative paskaksemme paskoiksemme abessive paskattamme paskoittamme instructive — — comitative — paskoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paskanne paskanne accusative nom. paskanne paskanne gen. paskanne genitive paskanne paskojenne paskainnerare partitive paskaanne paskojanne inessive paskassanne paskoissanne elative paskastanne paskoistanne illative paskaanne paskoihinne adessive paskallanne paskoillanne ablative paskaltanne paskoiltanne allative paskallenne paskoillenne essive paskananne paskoinanne translative paskaksenne paskoiksenne abessive paskattanne paskoittanne instructive — — comitative — paskoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative paskansa paskansa accusative nom. paskansa paskansa gen. paskansa genitive paskansa paskojensa paskainsarare partitive paskaansa paskojaan paskojansa inessive paskassaan paskassansa paskoissaan paskoissansa elative paskastaan paskastansa paskoistaan paskoistansa illative paskaansa paskoihinsa adessive paskallaan paskallansa paskoillaan paskoillansa ablative paskaltaan paskaltansa paskoiltaan paskoiltansa allative paskalleen paskallensa paskoilleen paskoillensa essive paskanaan paskanansa paskoinaan paskoinansa translative paskakseen paskaksensa paskoikseen paskoiksensa abessive paskattaan paskattansa paskoittaan paskoittansa instructive — — comitative — paskoineen paskoinensa

Synonyms

• (bad, sick or depressed): kurja, surkea
• (broken): rikki, surkea
• (of poor quality): huonolaatuinen, surkea

Derived terms

• ajaa paskaa
• ei paska punniten parane
• haista paska
• jauhaa paskaa
• multipaskaus
• paska juttu
• paskainen
• paskamainen
• paskantaa
• paskasti
• paskattaa
• paskiainen
• paskoa
• paskuus
• puhua paskaa

 

compounds

• hevonpaska
• hevosenpaska
• hyttysenpaska
• hätäpaska
• kananpaska
• kateenpaska
• kissanpaska
• koiranpaska
• krapulapaska
• kyykkypaska
• lokinpaska
• niskapaska
• paskaduuni
• paskahalvaus
• paskahousu
• paskahuusi
• paskahuussi
• paskalakki
• paskamyrsky
• paskanaama
• paskanmarjat
• paskanpuhuja
• paskantärkeä
• paskapaperi
• paskapuhe
• paskapää
• paskatyö
• Passoja
• ripulipaska
• sysipaska

 

Interjection

paska (vulgar)

1. (often in the plural) shit!, fuck!

   Voi paskat! Unohdin maksaa parkkisakon.

   Oh, shit! I forgot to pay that parking ticket.

Further reading

• “paska”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Gothic

Romanization

paska

1. Romanization of 𐍀𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paska. Cognates include Finnish paska and Estonian pask.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑskɑ/, [ˈpɑs̠k]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑskɑ/, [ˈpɑʃkɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑsk, -ɑskɑ
• Hyphenation: pas‧ka

Noun

paska

1. diarrhoea (watery excrement)
2. slag, scum (layer of impurity)

Adjective

paska (comparative pasemp)

1. bad, bratty

   paska laps ― bratty child

Declension

Declension of paska (type 3/kana, k- gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paska	pasat
genitive	pasan	paskoin
partitive	paskaa	paskoja
illative	paskaa	paskoi
inessive	pasas	pasois
elative	pasast	pasoist
allative	pasalle	pasoille
adessive	pasal	pasoil
ablative	pasalt	pasoilt
translative	pasaks	pasoiks
essive	paskanna, paskaan	paskoinna, paskoin
exessive1)	paskant	paskoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• paskain

 

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 388

Quechua

Alternative forms

• phaska

Noun

paska

1. solution

Declension

declension of paska

	singular	plural
nominative	paska	paskakuna
accusative	paskata	paskakunata
dative	paskaman	paskakunaman
genitive	paskap	paskakunap
locative	paskapi	paskakunapi
terminative	paskakama	paskakunakama
ablative	paskamanta	paskakunamanta
instrumental	paskawan	paskakunawan
comitative	paskantin	paskakunantin
abessive	paskannaq	paskakunannaq
comparative	paskahina	paskakunahina
causative	paskarayku	paskakunarayku
benefactive	paskapaq	paskakunapaq
associative	paskapura	paskakunapura
distributive	paskanka	paskakunanka
exclusive	paskalla	paskakunalla

possessive forms of paska

ñuqap - first-person singular

ñuqap (my)	singular	plural
nominative	paskay	paskaykuna
accusative	paskayta	paskaykunata
dative	paskayman	paskaykunaman
genitive	paskaypa	paskaykunap
locative	paskaypi	paskaykunapi
terminative	paskaykama	paskaykunakama
ablative	paskaymanta	paskaykunamanta
instrumental	paskaywan	paskaykunawan
comitative	paskaynintin	paskaykunantin
abessive	paskayninnaq	paskaykunannaq
comparative	paskayhina	paskaykunahina
causative	paskayrayku	paskaykunarayku
benefactive	paskaypaq	paskaykunapaq
associative	paskaypura	paskaykunapura
distributive	paskayninka	paskaykunanka
exclusive	paskaylla	paskaykunalla

qampa - second-person singular

qampa (your)	singular	plural
nominative	paskayki	paskaykikuna
accusative	paskaykita	paskaykikunata
dative	paskaykiman	paskaykikunaman
genitive	paskaykipa	paskaykikunap
locative	paskaykipi	paskaykikunapi
terminative	paskaykikama	paskaykikunakama
ablative	paskaykimanta	paskaykikunamanta
instrumental	paskaykiwan	paskaykikunawan
comitative	paskaykintin	paskaykikunantin
abessive	paskaykinnaq	paskaykikunannaq
comparative	paskaykihina	paskaykikunahina
causative	paskaykirayku	paskaykikunarayku
benefactive	paskaykipaq	paskaykikunapaq
associative	paskaykipura	paskaykikunapura
distributive	paskaykinka	paskaykikunanka
exclusive	paskaykilla	paskaykikunalla

paypa - third-person singular

paypa (his/her/its)	singular	plural
nominative	paskan	paskankuna
accusative	paskanta	paskankunata
dative	paskanman	paskankunaman
genitive	paskanpa	paskankunap
locative	paskanpi	paskankunapi
terminative	paskankama	paskankunakama
ablative	paskanmanta	paskankunamanta
instrumental	paskanwan	paskankunawan
comitative	paskanintin	paskankunantin
abessive	paskanninnaq	paskankunannaq
comparative	paskanhina	paskankunahina
causative	paskanrayku	paskankunarayku
benefactive	paskanpaq	paskankunapaq
associative	paskanpura	paskankunapura
distributive	paskaninka	paskankunanka
exclusive	paskanlla	paskankunalla

ñuqanchikpa - first-person inclusive plural

ñuqanchikpa (our(incl))	singular	plural
nominative	paskanchik	paskanchikkuna
accusative	paskanchikta	paskanchikkunata
dative	paskanchikman	paskanchikkunaman
genitive	paskanchikpa	paskanchikkunap
locative	paskanchikpi	paskanchikkunapi
terminative	paskanchikkama	paskanchikkunakama
ablative	paskanchikmanta	paskanchikkunamanta
instrumental	paskanchikwan	paskanchikkunawan
comitative	paskanchiknintin	paskanchikkunantin
abessive	paskanchikninnaq	paskanchikkunannaq
comparative	paskanchikhina	paskanchikkunahina
causative	paskanchikrayku	paskanchikkunarayku
benefactive	paskanchikpaq	paskanchikkunapaq
associative	paskanchikpura	paskanchikkunapura
distributive	paskanchikninka	paskanchikkunanka
exclusive	paskanchiklla	paskanchikkunalla

ñuqaykup - first-person exclusive plural

ñuqaykup (our(excl))	singular	plural
nominative	paskayku	paskaykukuna
accusative	paskaykuta	paskaykukunata
dative	paskaykuman	paskaykukunaman
genitive	paskaykupa	paskaykukunap
locative	paskaykupi	paskaykukunapi
terminative	paskaykukama	paskaykukunakama
ablative	paskaykumanta	paskaykukunamanta
instrumental	paskaykuwan	paskaykukunawan
comitative	paskaykuntin	paskaykukunantin
abessive	paskaykunnaq	paskaykukunannaq
comparative	paskaykuhina	paskaykukunahina
causative	paskaykurayku	paskaykukunarayku
benefactive	paskaykupaq	paskaykukunapaq
associative	paskaykupura	paskaykukunapura
distributive	paskaykunka	paskaykukunanka
exclusive	paskaykulla	paskaykukunalla

qamkunap - second-person plural

qamkunap (your(pl))	singular	plural
nominative	paskaykichik	paskaykichikkuna
accusative	paskaykichikta	paskaykichikkunata
dative	paskaykichikman	paskaykichikkunaman
genitive	paskaykichikpa	paskaykichikkunap
locative	paskaykichikpi	paskaykichikkunapi
terminative	paskaykichikkama	paskaykichikkunakama
ablative	paskaykichikmanta	paskaykichikkunamanta
instrumental	paskaykichikwan	paskaykichikkunawan
comitative	paskaykichiknintin	paskaykichikkunantin
abessive	paskaykichikninnaq	paskaykichikkunannaq
comparative	paskaykichikhina	paskaykichikkunahina
causative	paskaykichikrayku	paskaykichikkunarayku
benefactive	paskaykichikpaq	paskaykichikkunapaq
associative	paskaykichikpura	paskaykichikkunapura
distributive	paskaykichikninka	paskaykichikkunanka
exclusive	paskaykichiklla	paskaykichikkunalla

paykunap - third-person plural

paykunap (their)	singular	plural
nominative	paskanku	paskankukuna
accusative	paskankuta	paskankukunata
dative	paskankuman	paskankukunaman
genitive	paskankupa	paskankukunap
locative	paskankupi	paskankukunapi
terminative	paskankukama	paskankukunakama
ablative	paskankumanta	paskankukunamanta
instrumental	paskankuwan	paskankukunawan
comitative	paskankuntin	paskankukunantin
abessive	paskankunnaq	paskankukunannaq
comparative	paskankuhina	paskankukunahina
causative	paskankurayku	paskankukunarayku
benefactive	paskankupaq	paskankukunapaq
associative	paskankupura	paskankukunapura
distributive	paskankunka	paskankukunanka
exclusive	paskankulla	paskankukunalla

See also

• paskay

Turkish

Alternative forms

• pasha, pasḫa, paçğa
• paḉḫa, paçḫa (Hemşin)

Etymology

Borrowed from Laz ფაცხა (paʒxa). In some dialects, from Georgian ფაცხა (pacxa).

Noun

paska

1. (Rize, Artvin, Hemşin, Sinop, Samsun, Ordu, Giresun) a kind of hut

   Hypernym: kulübe

2. (Artvin) a ruined old building
3. (Rize, Artvin, Hemşin) a large basket

   Hypernym: sepet

References

More information

• “paska (I)”, in Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü [Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey] (in Turkish), volume 9, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1977, page 3404b
• “paska (II)”, in Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü [Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey] (in Turkish), volume 9, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1977, page 3404b
• “paçğa”, in Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü [Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey] (in Turkish), volume 12, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1982, page 4632b
• Aleksiva, Irfan Çağatay (2018) “Derleme Sözlüğü'nde Lazca Unsurlar [Laz Elements in the “Dictionary of Word Collection”]”, in Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten (in Turkish), volume 66, number 1, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, pages 126–127
• Artvinli, Taner (2022) “pasxa”, in Artvin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (in Turkish), Istanbul: Telemak Kitap, →ISBN, page 413ab
• Bläsing, Uwe (2006) “Türkiye Türkçesinin söz varlığından bir örnek: Kafkas dillerinden ödünç bazı sözcükler”, in Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları‎^[2] (in Turkish), number 16, pages 148–149
• Chirikba, Viacheslav V. (2006) “Abkhaz Loans in Megrelian”, in Iran and the Caucasus‎^[3], volume 10, number 1, pages 46–47
• Ertürk, Harun (2015) “pasḫa”, in Artvin ili Yusufeli ilçesi Demirkent (Erkinis) köyü ağzı [Turkish dialect of the village Demirkent (Erkinis) in the county Yusufeli of Artvin province]‎^[4] (in Turkish), Master's thesis, Muğla: Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, page 216b
• Şenol, Sevgi (2015) “pasḫa”, in Ardanuç Ağzı: Inceleme, Derlemeler, Sözlük (in Turkish), 2nd edition, Bursa: Rota Barışçı, →ISBN, page 501a
• Uzunhasanoğlu, Hasan (2018) “paḉxa”, in Irfan Çağatay Aleksiva, editor, Titer: Hemşin Türkçesi Sözlüğü (in Turkish), Istanbul: Lazi Kültür, page 172