-ka
Basque Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka
- Used to form adverbs from nouns.
- looking for
- divided in, distributed in
Derived terms Edit
Curripaco Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka
- progressive tense marker
- nuiraka : I am drinking
References Edit
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398
Czech Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix Edit
-ka f (noun-forming suffix)
- appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
Suffix Edit
-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)
- appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
Derived terms Edit
Further reading Edit
- -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Finnish Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.
Particle Edit
-ka (enclitic particle)
- (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
Usage notes Edit
- This suffix is no longer productive.
- In some words the suffix may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).
Derived terms Edit
- eikä (the most common usage of this clitic)
Hungarian Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
Usage notes Edit
- (diminutive suffix) Harmonic variants:
Derived terms Edit
See also Edit
Ilocano Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.
Pronunciation Edit
Pronoun Edit
-ka
- Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you
- Napankan? ― Did you go already?
- Estudianteka. ― You are a student.
- Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)
- Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.
- Estudianteka. ― You are my student.
See also Edit
Person | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak, kuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
|
Ingrian Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.
Pronunciation Edit
Particle Edit
-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)
- Used to turn a clause interrogative.
- Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not
Usage notes Edit
- In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
- In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.
Suffix Edit
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
- Proto-Finnic *mi- + -ka → mikä
- Proto-Finnic *ku- + -ka → kuka
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.
References Edit
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118
Japanese Edit
Romanization Edit
-ka
Kambera Edit
Pronoun Edit
-ka
- first person singular accusative enclitic
Particle Edit
-ka
- perfective aspect enclitic
See also Edit
Lower Sorbian Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix Edit
-ka f
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms Edit
Maquiritari Edit
Pronunciation Edit
Etymology 1 Edit
Alternative forms Edit
- (allomorphs) -kkwa
Suffix Edit
-ka
- Forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-.
Usage notes Edit
This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Maquiritari. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.
Derived terms Edit
Etymology 2 Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka
- Allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.
References Edit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 148
Old Polish Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka f
Derived terms Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka n
Polish Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka f
- feminine noun suffix
- diminutive noun suffix
Declension Edit
Derived terms Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka n
Further reading Edit
Serbo-Croatian Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix Edit
-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
See also Edit
Slovak Edit
Etymology Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka
- denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
- sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
Declension Edit
Derived terms Edit
Somali Edit
Article Edit
-ka (feminine -ta)
- The masculine definite article; the
Usage notes Edit
- This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
- After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.
References Edit
- Puglielli, Annarita; Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012), “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga, Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN
Swahili Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka
- Alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u
Derived terms Edit
Upper Sorbian Edit
Etymology Edit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix Edit
-ka
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms Edit
Votic Edit
Etymology Edit
From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.
Pronunciation Edit
Suffix Edit
-ka
- Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.
Usage notes Edit
This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.