-ka
BasqueEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka
- Used to form adverbs from nouns.
- looking for
- divided in, distributed in
Derived termsEdit
CurripacoEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka
- progressive tense marker
- nuiraka : I am drinking
ReferencesEdit
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398
CzechEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
SuffixEdit
-ka
- appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
- appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
FinnishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.
CliticEdit
-ka
- (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
Usage notesEdit
- This suffix is no longer productive.
- In some words the suffix may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).
Derived termsEdit
HungarianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
Usage notesEdit
- (diminutive suffix) Harmonic variants:
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
IlocanoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
-ka
- Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun
See alsoEdit
Person | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
|
IngrianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.
PronunciationEdit
CliticEdit
-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)
- Used to turn a clause interrogative.
- Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not
Usage notesEdit
- In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
- In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.
SuffixEdit
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
- Proto-Finnic *mi- + -ka → mikä
- Proto-Finnic *ku- + -ka → kuka
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.
ReferencesEdit
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118
JapaneseEdit
RomanizationEdit
-ka
KamberaEdit
PronounEdit
-ka
- first person singular accusative enclitic
ParticleEdit
-ka
- perfective aspect enclitic
See alsoEdit
Lower SorbianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
SuffixEdit
-ka f
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived termsEdit
MaquiritariEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Alternative formsEdit
- (allomorphs) -kkwa
SuffixEdit
-ka
- Forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Maquiritari. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-ka
- Allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.
ReferencesEdit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 148
Old PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
SuffixEdit
-ka f
Derived termsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka n
PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka f
- feminine noun suffix
- diminutive noun suffix
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka n
Further readingEdit
Serbo-CroatianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
SuffixEdit
-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
See alsoEdit
SlovakEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka
- denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
- sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
SomaliEdit
ArticleEdit
-ka (feminine -ta)
- The masculine definite article; the
Usage notesEdit
- This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
- After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.
ReferencesEdit
- Puglielli, Annarita; Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012), “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga, Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN
Upper SorbianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
SuffixEdit
-ka
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived termsEdit
VoticEdit
EtymologyEdit
From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ka
- Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.