Wiktionary

-ka

See also: ka- and Appendix:Variations of "ka"

BasqueEdit

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. Used to form adverbs from nouns.
    ‎tarte (“gap, interval”) + ‎-ka → ‎tarteka (“intermittently”)
    1. looking for
      ‎ote (“gorse, furze”) + ‎-ka → ‎oteka (“looking for gorse”)
    2. divided in, distributed in
      ‎talde (“group”) + ‎-ka → ‎taldeka (“in groups”)

Derived termsEdit

Basque terms suffixed with -ka

CurripacoEdit

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. progressive tense marker
    nuiraka : I am drinking

ReferencesEdit

  • Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

CzechEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
    ‎lékař + ‎-ka → ‎lékařka
  2. appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
    ‎vlna + ‎-ka → ‎vlnka

Derived termsEdit

Czech terms suffixed with -ka

Further readingEdit

  • -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

FinnishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.

CliticEdit

-ka

  1. (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
    ei → eikä
    saati → saatikka
    1. (non-productive) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.
      jo- → joka, ku- → kuka, mi- → mikä

Usage notesEdit

  • This suffix is no longer productive.
  • In some words the suffix may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).

Derived termsEdit

Finnish terms suffixed with -ka

HungarianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
    cukor (“sugar”) → cukorka (“candy”)
    asztal (“table”) → asztalka (“small table”)
    jár (“to walk”) → járó (“walking”) → járóka (“playpen”)

Usage notesEdit

  • (diminutive suffix) Harmonic variants:
    -ka is added to back vowel words
    -ke is added to front vowel words

Derived termsEdit

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -ka

See alsoEdit

IlocanoEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

-ka

  1. Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun

See alsoEdit

Ilocano personal pronouns
Person Number Absolutive Ergative Oblique Possessive
Disjunctive Enclitic Enclitic3 bági form kukua form
First singular siak -ak -ko, -k kaniak bagik kukuak
dual data, sita1 -ta kaniata, kadata bagita kukuata
plural inclusive datayo, sitayo1 -tayo, -tay kaniatayo, kadatayo bagitayo kukuatayo
plural exclusive dakami, sikami1 -kami, -kam -mi kaniami, kadakami bagimi kukuami
Second singular sika -ka -mo, -m kaniam, kenka bagim kukuam
plural dakayo, sikayo1 -kayo, -kay -yo kaniayo, kadakayo bagiyo kukuayo
Third singular isu, isuna Ø2 -na kaniana, kenkuana bagina kukuana
plural isuda -da kaniada, kadakuada bagida kukuada
1Regional variants.
2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used.
3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
Fused enclitics
Actor Patient
siak data datayo dakami sika dakayo isu5 isuda
siak bagik4 — — — -ka -kayo -ko, -k -ko ida, -k ida
data — bagita4 — — — — -ta -ta ida
datayo — — bagitayo4 — — — -tayo -tayo ida
dakami — — — bagimi4 -daka -dakayo -mi -mi ida
sika -nak — — -nakami bagim4 — -mo, -m -mo ida, -m ida
dakayo -dak -data — -dakami — bagiyo4 -yo -yo ida
isu -nak -nata -natayo -nakami -naka -nakayo bagina4, -na -na ida
isuda -dak -data -datayo -dakami -daka -dakayo -da bagida4, -da ida
4Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form.
5 isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

IngrianEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.

PronunciationEdit

CliticEdit

-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)

  1. Used to turn a clause interrogative.
  2. Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not
Usage notesEdit
  • In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
  • In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.

SuffixEdit

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

  1. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
    ‎Proto-Finnic *mi- + ‎-ka → ‎mikä
    ‎Proto-Finnic *ku- + ‎-ka → ‎kuka
  2. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.
Derived termsEdit
Ingrian terms suffixed with -ka

Etymology 2Edit

Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

  1. (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.

ReferencesEdit

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118

JapaneseEdit

RomanizationEdit

-ka

  1. Rōmaji transcription of か

KamberaEdit

PronounEdit

-ka

  1. first person singular accusative enclitic

ParticleEdit

-ka

  1. perfective aspect enclitic
    Na-mutung-ka.
    It burned down.

See alsoEdit

Kambera pronominal clitics
Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative
1sg ku- -nggu -ka -ngga
2sg mu- (u-) -mu -kau -nggau
3sg na- -na -ya -nya
1pl.incl ta- -nda -ta -nda
1pl.excl ma- -ma -kama -nggama
2pl mi- (i-) -mi -kami (-kai) -nggami (-nggai)
3pl da- -da -ha -nja

Lower SorbianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

SuffixEdit

-ka f

  1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
  2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived termsEdit

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka

MaquiritariEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Alternative formsEdit

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. Forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-.
Usage notesEdit

This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Maquiritari. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.

Etymology 2Edit

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. Allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.

ReferencesEdit

  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 148

Old PolishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

SuffixEdit

-ka f

  1. feminine noun suffix
    ‎ambroże + ‎-ka → ‎ambrożka

Derived termsEdit

Old Polish terms suffixed with -ka

SuffixEdit

-ka n

  1. inflection of -ko:
    1. genitive singular
    2. nominative/vocative plural

PolishEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ka/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: ka

SuffixEdit

-ka f

  1. feminine noun suffix
    ‎Azjata + ‎-ka → ‎Azjatka
    Synonym: -na
  2. diminutive noun suffix
    ‎część + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

DeclensionEdit

Declension of -ka
singular plural
nominative -ka -ki
genitive -ki -ek
dative -ce -kom
accusative -kę -ki
instrumental -ką -kami
locative -ce -kach
vocative -ko -ki

Derived termsEdit

Polish terms suffixed with -ka

SuffixEdit

-ka n

  1. inflection of -ko:
    1. genitive singular
    2. nominative/vocative plural

Further readingEdit

  • -ka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-CroatianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

SuffixEdit

-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)

  1. Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.

See alsoEdit

SlovakEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
    Talian m (“Italian (man)”) + -ka = Talianka f (“Italian (woman)”)
  2. sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
    mucha f (“fly”) + -ka = muška f (“small fly”)

DeclensionEdit

Declension of -ka
singular plural
nominative -ka -ky
genitive -ky -iek, -ok
dative -ke -kám, -kam
accusative -ku -ky
locative -ke -kách, -kach
instrumental -kou -kami

Derived termsEdit

Slovak terms suffixed with -ka

SomaliEdit

ArticleEdit

-ka (feminine -ta)

  1. The masculine definite article; the

Usage notesEdit

  • This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
  • After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.

ReferencesEdit

  • Puglielli, Annarita; Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012), “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga, Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN

Upper SorbianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
  2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived termsEdit

Upper Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka

VoticEdit

EtymologyEdit

From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /-kɑː/
  • (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): [-kɑ]

SuffixEdit

-ka

  1. Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.

Usage notesEdit

This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

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