ruma

See also: Ruma, rúma, rūma, and rũma

Betawi

Etymology

From Classical Malay rumah, from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruma/
• Rhymes: -a
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Noun

ruma

1. house (abode)
2. house (building used for something other than a residence)

   Synonym: gedong

3. house (shell of an animal such as a snail, used for protection)
4. home (house or structure in which someone lives)

Derived terms

• ruma baca
• ruma bola
• ruma gadé
• ruma gerètan
• ruma kancing
• ruma sakit

Further reading

• Chaer, A. (2009) [1976] “ruma”, in Kamus dialek Jakarta [Dictionary of the Jakarta dialect], revised edition (in Indonesian), Depok: Masup Jakarta, →ISBN, page 393

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Estonian rumal (“stupid”), Ingrian ruma (“ugly”), Livonian rumāli (“dirty”), Livvi ruma, Veps ruma (“ugly; coarse”) and Votic ruma. The Finnic word has been borrowed into Sami; compare Northern Sami ropmi.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Syllabification^(key): ru‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): ru‧ma

Adjective

ruma (comparative rumempi, superlative rumin)

1. ugly (displeasing to the eye or ear)

   Synonyms: epäesteettinen, pahannäköinen

   Antonym: kaunis

2. ugly, dirty (offensive to one's sensibilities or morality)

   Synonyms: moraaliton, ikävä, ilkeä, kelju, kurja, paha

   Hän teki meille ruman tempun. ― He played a dirty trick on us.

3. dirty (of a word or language in general: something considered vulgar)

   ruma sana ― dirty word

Declension

Inflection of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		ruma	rumat
genitive		ruman	rumien
partitive		rumaa	rumia
illative		rumaan	rumiin
		singular	plural
nominative		ruma	rumat
accusative	nom.	ruma	rumat
	gen.	ruman
genitive		ruman	rumien rumain rare
partitive		rumaa	rumia
inessive		rumassa	rumissa
elative		rumasta	rumista
illative		rumaan	rumiin
adessive		rumalla	rumilla
ablative		rumalta	rumilta
allative		rumalle	rumille
essive		rumana	rumina
translative		rumaksi	rumiksi
abessive		rumatta	rumitta
instructive		—	rumin
comitative		—	rumine

Possessive forms of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rumani rumani accusative nom. rumani rumani gen. rumani genitive rumani rumieni rumaini rare partitive rumaani rumiani inessive rumassani rumissani elative rumastani rumistani illative rumaani rumiini adessive rumallani rumillani ablative rumaltani rumiltani allative rumalleni rumilleni essive rumanani ruminani translative rumakseni rumikseni abessive rumattani rumittani instructive — — comitative — rumineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rumasi rumasi accusative nom. rumasi rumasi gen. rumasi genitive rumasi rumiesi rumaisi rare partitive rumaasi rumiasi inessive rumassasi rumissasi elative rumastasi rumistasi illative rumaasi rumiisi adessive rumallasi rumillasi ablative rumaltasi rumiltasi allative rumallesi rumillesi essive rumanasi ruminasi translative rumaksesi rumiksesi abessive rumattasi rumittasi instructive — — comitative — ruminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rumamme rumamme accusative nom. rumamme rumamme gen. rumamme genitive rumamme rumiemme rumaimme rare partitive rumaamme rumiamme inessive rumassamme rumissamme elative rumastamme rumistamme illative rumaamme rumiimme adessive rumallamme rumillamme ablative rumaltamme rumiltamme allative rumallemme rumillemme essive rumanamme ruminamme translative rumaksemme rumiksemme abessive rumattamme rumittamme instructive — — comitative — ruminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rumanne rumanne accusative nom. rumanne rumanne gen. rumanne genitive rumanne rumienne rumainne rare partitive rumaanne rumianne inessive rumassanne rumissanne elative rumastanne rumistanne illative rumaanne rumiinne adessive rumallanne rumillanne ablative rumaltanne rumiltanne allative rumallenne rumillenne essive rumananne ruminanne translative rumaksenne rumiksenne abessive rumattanne rumittanne instructive — — comitative — ruminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative rumansa rumansa accusative nom. rumansa rumansa gen. rumansa genitive rumansa rumiensa rumainsa rare partitive rumaansa rumiaan rumiansa inessive rumassaan rumassansa rumissaan rumissansa elative rumastaan rumastansa rumistaan rumistansa illative rumaansa rumiinsa adessive rumallaan rumallansa rumillaan rumillansa ablative rumaltaan rumaltansa rumiltaan rumiltansa allative rumalleen rumallensa rumilleen rumillensa essive rumanaan rumanansa ruminaan ruminansa translative rumakseen rumaksensa rumikseen rumiksensa abessive rumattaan rumattansa rumittaan rumittansa instructive — — comitative — rumineen ruminensa

Derived terms

• ruma ankanpoikanen
• rumahko
• rumasti
• rumeliini
• rumentaa
• rumeta
• rumilus
• rumistaa
• rumuus

compounds

• rumannäköinen
• rumanvärinen
• rumapiirteinen
• rumasointinen
• rumaääninen
• susiruma

Further reading

• “ruma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• Amur, mura

Gothic

Romanization

rūma

1. romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰

Hiri Motu

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

1. house (abode)

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma. Cognates include Finnish ruma and Veps ruma.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Noun

ruma

1. ugly
2. bad, poor (of low quality)

Declension

Declension of ruma (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumat
genitive	ruman	rummiin
partitive	rummaa	rummia
illative	rummaa	rummii
inessive	rumas	rumis
elative	rumast	rumist
allative	rumalle	rumille
adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalt	rumilt
translative	rumaks	rumiks
essive	rumanna, rummaan	ruminna, rummiin
exessive1)	rumant	rumint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Synonyms

• (low-quality): prostoi

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 491

Kikuyu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾuma/

Verb

ruma (infinitive kũruma)

1. to curse, to abuse

Derived terms

(Proverbs)

• kĩonje kĩrumaga mũhiũhia

Related terms

(Nouns)

• kĩrumi class 7

References

• Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

Latin

Alternative forms

• rū̆mis

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ma], [ˈrʊ.ma]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ma]
• The length of the U is not directly attested. It should be short based on the attested short vowel in the derivative irrumō, but a pronunciation with long ū may have developed due to influence from and conflation with rūmen.

Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibly from Etruscan 𐌓𐌖𐌌 (rum).

Noun

rū̆ma f (genitive rū̆mae); first declension

1. (anatomy) udder, teat, breast

   Synonyms: ūber, sūmen

   • 116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Logistorici 7.2, (as cited by Nonius):

     Ruminae propter rumam, id est prisco vocabulo mammam

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 2nd century, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De Verborum Significatione 266:

     Romulum quidam a fico Ruminali, ali quod lupae ruma nutritus est, appellatum esse ineptissime dixerunt.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • Augustine of Hippo, De Civitate Dei 7.11:

     Dixerunt eum Victorem, Inuictum, Opitulum, Inpulsorem, Statorem, Centumpedam, Supinalem, Tigillum, Almum, Ruminum et alia quae persequi longum est. Haec autem cognomina inposuerunt uni deo propter causas potestatesque diuersas, non tamen propter tot res etiam tot deos eum esse coegerunt: quod omnia uinceret, quod a nemine uinceretur, quod opem indigentibus ferret, quod haberet inpellendi, statuendi, stabiliendi, resupinandi potestatem, quod tamquam tigillus mundum contineret ac sustineret, quod aleret omnia, quod ruma, id est mamma, aleret animalia.

     • 1963 translation by William M. Green

       The pagans have called Jupiter by the titles Victor, Invictus, Opitulus, Impulsor, Stator, Centumpeda, Supinalis, Tigillus, Almus, Ruminus, and still others which it would be tedious to enumerate. They have applied all these names to one god for various reasons and because of his various powers. But they have not, though there are so many functions, compelled him to become as many different gods. The functions are that he is victor over all, and invincible, and brings help to the needy, and has the power of impelling, of causing to stand, of stabilizing, and of laying flat; because he maintains and sustains the world like a beam; because he nourishes all things, and nourishes all animals by the breast (ruma).

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	rū̆ma	rū̆mae
genitive	rū̆mae	rū̆mārum
dative	rū̆mae	rū̆mīs
accusative	rū̆mam	rū̆mās
ablative	rū̆mā	rū̆mīs
vocative	rū̆ma	rū̆mae

Derived terms

• irrumō
• rū̆migō
• Rū̆mī̆na
• Rū̆mī̆nus
• subrū̆mō
• subrū̆mus

Etymology 2

From rūmen.

Noun

rūma f (genitive rūmae); first declension

1. (anatomy) throat, gullet
   • Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii Aeneidos Libros 8.90.9:

     Quamvis ficum ruminalem alii a Romulo velint dictam, quasi Romularem, alii a lacte infantibus dato: nam pars gutturis ruma dicitur.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (anatomy) rumen

   Synonym: rūmen

3. stomach, abdomen

   Synonyms: venter, pantex

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	rūma	rūmae
genitive	rūmae	rūmārum
dative	rūmae	rūmīs
accusative	rūmam	rūmās
ablative	rūmā	rūmīs
vocative	rūma	rūmae

Further reading

• “ruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• "ruma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.ma/
• Rhymes: -uma
• Syllabification: ru‧ma

Noun

ruma

1. inflection of rum:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/accusative dual

Muduapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

1. house (abode)

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruː.mɑ/

Adjective

rūma

1. inflection of rūm:
   1. strong nominative/accusative feminine plural
   2. weak nominative masculine singular

Noun

rūma

1. genitive plural of rūm

Portuguese

Verb

ruma

1. inflection of rumar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Puyuma

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

1. house; home

   naniyam ruma piyalaudr tu pitaun.

   The door of our house is to the east.

References

• Stacy Fang-Ching Teng (鄧芳青), A Reference Grammar Of Puyuma, An Austronesian Language Of Taiwan, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2008.

Venda

Verb

ruma

1. to send

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Finnish ruma.

Adjective

ruma

1. ugly
2. coarse, rough

Inflection

Inflection of ruma (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	ruma
genitive sing.	ruman
partitive sing.	rumad
partitive plur.	rumid
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
accusative	ruman	rumad
genitive	ruman	rumiden
partitive	rumad	rumid
essive-instructive	ruman	rumin
translative	rumaks	rumikš
inessive	rumas	rumiš
elative	rumaspäi	rumišpäi
illative	rumaha	rumihe
adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalpäi	rumilpäi
allative	rumale	rumile
abessive	rumata	rumita
comitative	rumanke	rumidenke
prolative	rumadme	rumidme
approximative I	rumanno	rumidenno
approximative II	rumannoks	rumidennoks
egressive	rumannopäi	rumidennopäi
terminative I	rumahasai	rumihesai
terminative II	rumalesai	rumilesai
terminative III	rumassai	—
additive I	rumahapäi	rumihepäi
additive II	rumalepäi	rumilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “грубый, некрасивый”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[2], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Adjective

ruma

1. plain, bare
2. rough
3. bad, poor
4. ugly

Inflection

Declension of ruma (type V/poikõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
genitive	ruma	rumijõ, rumii
partitive	rumma	rumiitõ, rumii
illative	rummasõ, rumma	rumiisõ
inessive	rumaz	rumiiz
elative	rumassõ	rumiissõ
allative	rumalõ	rumiilõ
adessive	rumallõ	rumiillõ
ablative	rumaltõ	rumiiltõ
translative	rumassi	rumiissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “ruma”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn