paha

See also: рана

Bikol Central

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pa‧ha
• IPA^(key): /ˈpahaʔ/
• IPA^(key): /ˈpaʔaʔ/ (h-dropping)

Adjective

pahà

1. thirsty

Derived terms

• kapahaan
• magpaha
• makapaha
• mapaha
• pagkapaha
• pahaon

 

See also

• gutom
• punaw

 

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish faja.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pa‧ha
• IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/
• IPA^(key): /ˈpaʔa/ (h-dropping)

Noun

páha

1. belt

   Synonyms: hagkos, sinturon

2. sash

   Synonym: abay

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha, borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*bāga-), from Proto-Germanic *bēgaz.

Adjective

paha (genitive paha, partitive paha, comparative pahem, superlative kõige pahem)

1. bad
2. evil

Declension

Inflection of paha (ÕS type 17u/sõna, no gradation)

	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahad
accusative	paha	pahad
genitive	paha	pahade
partitive	paha	pahu pahasid
illative	pahha pahasse	pahadesse pahusse
inessive	pahas	pahades pahus
elative	pahast	pahadest pahust
allative	pahale	pahadele pahule
adessive	pahal	pahadel pahul
ablative	pahalt	pahadelt pahult
translative	pahaks	pahadeks pahuks
terminative	pahani	pahadeni
essive	pahana	pahadena
abessive	pahata	pahadeta
comitative	pahaga	pahadega

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝ɦɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
• Syllabification^(key): pa‧ha

Adjective

paha (comparative pahempi, superlative pahin)

1. bad, evil, ill

   Synonyms: häijy, ilkeä

   Antonyms: hyvä, kiltti

2. bad, unsuitable, unfitting, unhealthy

   Synonym: huono

   Antonym: hyvä

3. bad, difficult, serious, severe, urgent

   Synonym: vakava

4. difficult, hard, tricky

   paha kysymys ― tricky question

   Synonym: vaikea

   Antonym: helppo

5. (chiefly in expressions) bad, sorry

   Minulla on paha mieli. ― I feel sad / offended. (literally, “I have a bad mind.”)

Declension

Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		paha	pahat
genitive		pahan	pahojen
partitive		pahaa	pahoja
illative		pahaan	pahoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		paha	pahat
accusative	nom.	paha	pahat
	gen.	pahan
genitive		pahan	pahojen pahainrare
partitive		pahaa	pahoja
inessive		pahassa	pahoissa
elative		pahasta	pahoista
illative		pahaan	pahoihin
adessive		pahalla	pahoilla
ablative		pahalta	pahoilta
allative		pahalle	pahoille
essive		pahana	pahoina
translative		pahaksi	pahoiksi
instructive		—	pahoin
abessive		pahatta	pahoitta
comitative		—	pahoine

Possessive forms of paha (type kala)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahani pahani accusative nom. pahani pahani gen. pahani genitive pahani pahojeni pahainirare partitive pahaani pahojani inessive pahassani pahoissani elative pahastani pahoistani illative pahaani pahoihini adessive pahallani pahoillani ablative pahaltani pahoiltani allative pahalleni pahoilleni essive pahanani pahoinani translative pahakseni pahoikseni instructive — — abessive pahattani pahoittani comitative — pahoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahasi pahasi accusative nom. pahasi pahasi gen. pahasi genitive pahasi pahojesi pahaisirare partitive pahaasi pahojasi inessive pahassasi pahoissasi elative pahastasi pahoistasi illative pahaasi pahoihisi adessive pahallasi pahoillasi ablative pahaltasi pahoiltasi allative pahallesi pahoillesi essive pahanasi pahoinasi translative pahaksesi pahoiksesi instructive — — abessive pahattasi pahoittasi comitative — pahoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahamme pahamme accusative nom. pahamme pahamme gen. pahamme genitive pahamme pahojemme pahaimmerare partitive pahaamme pahojamme inessive pahassamme pahoissamme elative pahastamme pahoistamme illative pahaamme pahoihimme adessive pahallamme pahoillamme ablative pahaltamme pahoiltamme allative pahallemme pahoillemme essive pahanamme pahoinamme translative pahaksemme pahoiksemme instructive — — abessive pahattamme pahoittamme comitative — pahoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahanne pahanne accusative nom. pahanne pahanne gen. pahanne genitive pahanne pahojenne pahainnerare partitive pahaanne pahojanne inessive pahassanne pahoissanne elative pahastanne pahoistanne illative pahaanne pahoihinne adessive pahallanne pahoillanne ablative pahaltanne pahoiltanne allative pahallenne pahoillenne essive pahananne pahoinanne translative pahaksenne pahoiksenne instructive — — abessive pahattanne pahoittanne comitative — pahoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative pahansa pahansa accusative nom. pahansa pahansa gen. pahansa genitive pahansa pahojensa pahainsarare partitive pahaansa pahojaan pahojansa inessive pahassaan pahassansa pahoissaan pahoissansa elative pahastaan pahastansa pahoistaan pahoistansa illative pahaansa pahoihinsa adessive pahallaan pahallansa pahoillaan pahoillansa ablative pahaltaan pahaltansa pahoiltaan pahoiltansa allative pahalleen pahallensa pahoilleen pahoillensa essive pahanaan pahanansa pahoinaan pahoinansa translative pahakseen pahaksensa pahoikseen pahoiksensa instructive — — abessive pahattaan pahattansa pahoittaan pahoittansa comitative — pahoineen pahoinensa

Derived terms

• pahan ilman lintu (“bird of ill omen”, literally “bird of bad weather”)

adverbs

• pahasti
• pahoillaan
• pahoin

 

nouns

• pahe
• pahuus

 

verbs

• pahastella
• pahastua
• paheksua
• pahentaa
• paheta
• pahoittaa

 

pahasti

pahuus

Noun

paha

1. the evil

   Synonym: pahuus

   Antonyms: hyvä, hyvyys

Declension

Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		paha	—
genitive		pahan	—
partitive		pahaa	—
illative		pahaan	—
		singular	plural
nominative		paha	—
accusative	nom.	paha	—
	gen.	pahan
genitive		pahan	—
partitive		pahaa	—
inessive		pahassa	—
elative		pahasta	—
illative		pahaan	—
adessive		pahalla	—
ablative		pahalta	—
allative		pahalle	—
essive		pahana	—
translative		pahaksi	—
instructive		—	—
abessive		pahatta	—
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of paha (type kala)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahani — accusative nom. pahani — gen. pahani genitive pahani — partitive pahaani — inessive pahassani — elative pahastani — illative pahaani — adessive pahallani — ablative pahaltani — allative pahalleni — essive pahanani — translative pahakseni — instructive — — abessive pahattani — comitative — — second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahasi — accusative nom. pahasi — gen. pahasi genitive pahasi — partitive pahaasi — inessive pahassasi — elative pahastasi — illative pahaasi — adessive pahallasi — ablative pahaltasi — allative pahallesi — essive pahanasi — translative pahaksesi — instructive — — abessive pahattasi — comitative — — first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahamme — accusative nom. pahamme — gen. pahamme genitive pahamme — partitive pahaamme — inessive pahassamme — elative pahastamme — illative pahaamme — adessive pahallamme — ablative pahaltamme — allative pahallemme — essive pahanamme — translative pahaksemme — instructive — — abessive pahattamme — comitative — — second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahanne — accusative nom. pahanne — gen. pahanne genitive pahanne — partitive pahaanne — inessive pahassanne — elative pahastanne — illative pahaanne — adessive pahallanne — ablative pahaltanne — allative pahallenne — essive pahananne — translative pahaksenne — instructive — — abessive pahattanne — comitative — — third-person possessor singular plural nominative pahansa — accusative nom. pahansa — gen. pahansa genitive pahansa — partitive pahaansa — inessive pahassaan pahassansa — elative pahastaan pahastansa — illative pahaansa — adessive pahallaan pahallansa — ablative pahaltaan pahaltansa — allative pahalleen pahallensa — essive pahanaan pahanansa — translative pahakseen pahaksensa — instructive — — abessive pahattaan pahattansa — comitative — —

Derived terms

• mielipaha
• pahaenteinen
• pahahenki
• pahainen
• pahanilkinen
• pahankurinen
• pahanlaatuinen
• pahanmakuinen
• pahanpäiväinen
• pahanpäiväisesti
• pahansisuinen
• pahansuopa
• pahantekijä
• pahanteko
• pahantuulinen
• pahaputki
• pahasti
• pahastua
• pahe
• paheksua
• pahennus
• pahentaa
• pahentua
• paheta
• pahis
• pahoillaan
• pahoin
• pahoinpitely
• pahoinvointi
• pahoitella
• pahoittaa
• paholainen
• pahus
• pahuus

 

Hawaiian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Particle

paha

1. Used to indicate the conditional mood, expressed in English as perhaps, might, possibly

Usage notes

Follows the word it modifies.

Conjunction

ā ... paha

1. or

Usage notes

The verb (and its modifying particles) go between ā and paha.

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay paha, from Proto-Malayic *paha, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha
• Rhymes: -ha, -a

Noun

paha (first-person possessive pahaku, second-person possessive pahamu, third-person possessive pahanya)

1. (anatomy) thigh (upper leg)

Derived terms

• memaha
• sepaha

 

• paha belalang

 

Further reading

• “paha” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Adjective

paha (comparative pahemp)

1. bad

   paha ilma ― bad weather

Declension

Declension of paha (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahhoin
partitive	pahhaa	pahoja
illative	pahhaa	pahhoi
inessive	pahas	pahois
elative	pahast	pahoist
allative	pahalle	pahoille
adessive	pahal	pahoil
ablative	pahalt	pahoilt
translative	pahaks	pahoiks
essive	pahanna, pahhaan	pahoinna, pahhoin
exessive1)	pahant	pahoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Antonyms

• hyvä

Derived terms

• pahain
• pahalain

 

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 371

Karelian

Regional variants of paha

North Karelian (Viena)	paha
South Karelian (Tver)	paha

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Noun

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua)

1. evil spirit

Adjective

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua, comparative pahempi or pahembi, superlative pahemmin)

1. bad

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahojen
partitive	pahua	pahoja
illative	pahah	pahoih
inessive	pahašša	pahoissa
elative	pahašta	pahoista
adessive	pahalla	pahoilla
ablative	pahalta	pahoilta
translative	pahakši	pahoiksi
essive	pahana	pahoina
comitative	—	pahoineh
abessive	pahatta	pahoitta

Tver Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahoin
partitive	pahua	pahoida
illative	pahah	pahoih
inessive	pahašša	pahoissa
elative	pahašta	pahoista
adessive	pahalla	pahoilla
ablative	pahalda	pahoilda
translative	pahakši	pahoiksi
essive	pahana	pahoina
comitative	pahanke	pahoinke
abessive	pahatta	pahoitta

Possessive forms of paha
1st person	pahani
2nd person	pahaš
3rd person	pahah
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

• A. V. Punzhina (1994), “paha”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
• P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN

Livvi

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha
• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ

Adjective

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua, comparative pahembi, superlative pahin)

1. bad
2. wicked

Noun

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua)

1. grief
2. evil

Declension

Declension of paha (Type 1/griba, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahoin
partitive	pahua	pahoi
illative	pahah	pahoih
inessive	pahas	pahois
elative	pahaspäi	pahoispäi
allative	pahale	pahoile
adessive	pahal	pahoil
ablative	pahalpäi	pahoilpäi
translative	pahakse	pahoikse
essive	pahannu	pahoinnu
abessive	pahattah	pahoittah
comitative	pahanke	pahoinke
instructive		pahoin
prolative	pahači

References

• Tatjana Boiko (2019), “paha”, in Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 198

Malay

Alternative forms

• peha (common nonstandard spelling)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paha/
  • (Johor-Riau) IPA^(key): [pəhə]
• Rhymes: -aha, -ha, -a

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayic *paha, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa. Cognate with Tagalog paa (“foot”).

Noun

paha (Jawi spelling ڤها‎, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)

1. thigh (upper leg)

   Paha ayam

   Chicken thigh

   Paha manusia

   Human thigh

Descendants

• Indonesian: paha

Etymology 2

Noun

paha (Jawi spelling ڤها‎, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)

1. (archaic, mathematics) a fourth, a quarter

   Synonyms: perempat, suku

Etymology 3

Noun

paha (Jawi spelling ڤها‎, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)

1. a type of bird; Dicrurus aeneus malayensis

Further reading

• “paha” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish faja, from Aragonese faxa, from Latin fascia.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pa‧ha
• IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/, [ˈpa.hɐ]

Noun

paha (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜑ)

1. girdle; band; binder

   Synonyms: bigkis, tali, laso

2. paper band such as those wrapped around newspapers or magazines for addressing and mailing purposes

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish paja, from Old Spanish paxa, from Latin palea.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pa‧ha
• IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/, [ˈpa.hɐ]

Noun

paha (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜑ)

1. straw

   Synonym: dayami

References

• “paha”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2018

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish بها‎ (baha, paha), from Persian بها‎.

Noun

paha (definite accusative pahayı, plural pahalar)

1. price

Declension

Inflection
Nominative	paha
Definite accusative	pahayı
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	paha	pahalar
Definite accusative	pahayı	pahaları
Dative	pahaya	pahalara
Locative	pahada	pahalarda
Ablative	pahadan	pahalardan
Genitive	pahanın	pahaların
Possessive forms Nominative Singular Plural 1st singular paham pahalarım 2nd singular pahan pahaların 3rd singular pahası pahaları 1st plural pahamız pahalarımız 2nd plural pahanız pahalarınız 3rd plural pahaları pahaları Definite accusative Singular Plural 1st singular pahamı pahalarımı 2nd singular pahanı pahalarını 3rd singular pahasını pahalarını 1st plural pahamızı pahalarımızı 2nd plural pahanızı pahalarınızı 3rd plural pahalarını pahalarını Dative Singular Plural 1st singular pahama pahalarıma 2nd singular pahana pahalarına 3rd singular pahasına pahalarına 1st plural pahamıza pahalarımıza 2nd plural pahanıza pahalarınıza 3rd plural pahalarına pahalarına Locative Singular Plural 1st singular pahamda pahalarımda 2nd singular pahanda pahalarında 3rd singular pahasında pahalarında 1st plural pahamızda pahalarımızda 2nd plural pahanızda pahalarınızda 3rd plural pahalarında pahalarında Ablative Singular Plural 1st singular pahamdan pahalarımdan 2nd singular pahandan pahalarından 3rd singular pahasından pahalarından 1st plural pahamızdan pahalarımızdan 2nd plural pahanızdan pahalarınızdan 3rd plural pahalarından pahalarından Genitive Singular Plural 1st singular pahamın pahalarımın 2nd singular pahanın pahalarının 3rd singular pahasının pahalarının 1st plural pahamızın pahalarımızın 2nd plural pahanızın pahalarınızın 3rd plural pahalarının pahalarının
Predicative forms Singular Plural 1st singular pahayım pahalarım 2nd singular pahasın pahalarsın 3rd singular paha pahadır pahalar pahalardır 1st plural pahayız pahalarız 2nd plural pahasınız pahalarsınız 3rd plural pahalar pahalardır

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha.

Adjective

paha

1. bad
2. unkind
3. disgusting, distasteful
4. harmful

Inflection

Inflection of paha (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	paha
genitive sing.	pahan
partitive sing.	pahad
partitive plur.	pahoid
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahad
accusative	pahan	pahad
genitive	pahan	pahoiden
partitive	pahad	pahoid
essive-instructive	pahan	pahoin
translative	pahaks	pahoikš
inessive	pahas	pahoiš
elative	pahaspäi	pahoišpäi
illative	pahaze	pahoiže
adessive	pahal	pahoil
ablative	pahalpäi	pahoilpäi
allative	pahale	pahoile
abessive	pahata	pahoita
comitative	pahanke	pahoidenke
prolative	pahadme	pahoidme
approximative I	pahanno	pahoidenno
approximative II	pahannoks	pahoidennoks
egressive	pahannopäi	pahoidennopäi
terminative I	pahazesai	pahoižesai
terminative II	pahalesai	pahoilesai
terminative III	pahassai	—
additive I	pahazepäi	pahoižepäi
additive II	pahalepäi	pahoilepäi

Derived terms

• paheta

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “вредный, гадкий, недобрый, отвратительный”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Adjective

paha

1. bad, poor
2. bad, evil, ill
3. mischievous

Inflection

Declension of paha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahad
genitive	paha	pahoje, pahojõ, pahoi
partitive	pahha	pahoitõ, pahoi
illative	pahha, pahhasõ	pahoje, pahojõ, pahoisõ
inessive	pahaz	pahoiz
elative	pahassõ	pahoissõ
allative	pahalõ	pahoilõ
adessive	pahallõ	pahoillõ
ablative	pahaltõ	pahoiltõ
translative	pahassi	pahoissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

• V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “paha”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn