tf

See also: TF, Tf, and .tf

Contents

EnglishEdit

NounEdit

tf (uncountable)

1. Alternative spelling of TF

AnagramsEdit

• F.T., FT, FT%, Ft, Ft., ft, ft.

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EgyptianEdit

AdjectiveEdit

 f sg distal demonstrative adjective

1. that

Usage notesEdit

This demonstrative was originally an adjective but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as an adjective it follows or precedes the noun it describes.

It forms a contrastive pair with the demonstrative tn, in which tf is distal.

There is a more colloquial variant: tfꜣ.

InflectionEdit

Old and Middle Egyptian demonstratives

	adjectives				pronouns3	adverbs
number	singular		plural1		unmarked
gender	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal	pn	tn	jpn	jptn	nn	ꜥn2
distal	pf, pfꜣ	tf, tfꜣ	jpf	jptf	nf, nfꜣ	ꜥf2
proximal1 copula; vocative2	pj1, pw, pwy	tj1, tw, twy	jpw	jptw	nw	—
vocative1 anaphoric2	pꜣ	tꜣ	—	—	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ
1   In Old Egyptian. 2   In Middle Egyptian. 3   In Old Egyptian, these pronouns were unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns. In Middle Egyptian, they take over the function of the plural demonstrative adjectives and are joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives

	masculine	feminine	plural		adverb
article	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ		dy
adjective and pronoun	pꜣj	tꜣj	nꜣj
possessive (used with suffix pronouns)	pꜣ, pꜣy	tꜣ, tꜣy	nꜣ, nꜣy

VerbEdit

2-lit.

1. (transitive) to spit out [Pyramid Texts, rarely later]

Alternative formsEdit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tf  

D156
tf	df	ṯf	tf
	[Late Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]
	in papyri

Usage notesEdit

Used chiefly in the context of old religious texts, and particularly in the Heliopolitan cosmogony to describe the creation of the goddess Tefnut from Atum’s spit.

InflectionEdit

Conjugation of tf (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: tf, geminated stem: tff

voice	aspect / mood	finite forms (all but the imperative can take suffix pronouns)				nonfinite
		relation to the context1			participles
		initial / absolute	non-initial / relative	contingent	relative form	participle
active	perfect	‘perfect’ tf.n		tf.jn	‘perfect’ tf.n	—
	perfective2	first person: use stative forms third person: ‘indicative’, ‘perfective’ tf	tft		‘perfective’ tf	‘perfective’ tf
	unmarked (‘aorist’)	‘imperfective’ (including ‘circumstantial’) tf, j.tf		tf.ḫr	‘imperfective’ tf, j.tf, tfy, tfw9, j.tfw9	‘imperfective’ tf, j.tf, tfj10, tfy10
	periphrastic imperfective3	ḥr tf, m tf			—	—
	periphrastic prospective3	r tf			—	—
	optative	‘prospective’4 tf	—	tf.kꜣ	‘prospective’ tf, tftj11	‘prospective’6 tftj, tft
	jussive	‘subjunctive’4 tf, j.tf			—	—
		‘imperative’ tf, j.tf	—		—	—
passive	perfect	‘perfect’ tf.n.tj7, tf.n.tw8	stative verbs: use stative forms5 dynamic verbs: ‘passive’5 tfw, tf	tf.jn.tj7, tf.jn.tw8	—	—
	perfective	‘indicative’, ‘perfective’ tf.tj7, tf.tw8	tft		—	‘perfective’ tf, tff, tfw9, tfy9, tffj10,
	unmarked (‘aorist’)	‘imperfective’ (including ‘circumstantial’) j.tf.tj7, tf.tw8, j.tf.tw8		tf.ḫr.tj7, tf.ḫr.tw8	—	‘imperfective’ tf, tfw9
	optative	‘prospective’4 tff		tf.kꜣ.tj7, tf.kꜣ.tw8	—	‘prospective’6 tftj, tft
	jussive	‘subjunctive’4 j.tf.tj7, tf.tw8, j.tf.tw8			—	—
1   In Old Egyptian, this is primarily based on the semantic context; in Middle Egyptian, it has changed to be primarily syntactic. 2   Archaic or greatly restricted in usage in Middle Egyptian, where the perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective. 3   These forms only exist starting with the late Old Kingdom. Suffix pronouns attach to a preceding particle (often jw). 4   In Middle Egyptian, the opposition between the prospective and subjunctive has changed from a modal opposition (optative vs. jussive) to a syntactic opposition (initial vs. dependent), with the morphology of the new subjunctive combining features of both Old Egyptian paradigms. 5   In Old Egyptian, the stative is introduced by a topicalized subject and used with stative verbs, while the passive form is used as an independent verb phrase with dynamic verbs. In Middle Egyptian, the distinction has changed so that the stative is used with pronominal subjects while the passive form is used with nominal subjects. 6   Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. 7   Old Egyptian form. 8   Middle Egyptian form. 9   Only in the masculine singular. 10   Only in the masculine. 11   Only in the feminine.

Verbal nouns

infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1
tf	tfw, tf	tft
1   Archaic in Middle Egyptian.

Personal endings

	number	first person	second person		third person
			masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
with suffix pronouns	singular	tf.j	tf.k	tf.ṯ	tf.f	tf.s
	dual	tf.nj	tf.ṯnj		tf.snj
	plural	tf.n	tf.ṯn		tf.sn
stative forms	singular	tf.kj1, tf.kw2	tf.tj		tf(.j)1, tf(.w)2	tf.tj
	dual	—	tf.twnj		tf.wjj	tf.tjj
	plural	tf.w(j)n	tf.tw(j)n		tf.wj	tf.tj, tf.wj2
1   Old Egyptian form. 2   Middle Egyptian form.

DescendantsEdit

• Coptic: ⲑⲁϥ (thaf)

ReferencesEdit

• Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, second edition, revised, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-74144-6
• Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, ISBN 0-900416-32-7
• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926-1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, ISBN 3050022647, § 6–7, page 297

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SwedishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

• t.f.

AbbreviationEdit

tf

1. Clipping of tillförordnad., acting (e.g. manager)

ReferencesEdit

• tillförordna in Svenska Akademiens Ordlista över svenska språket (13th ed., online)