شهد

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
ش ه د (š h d)
11 terms

Verb

شَهِدَ • (šahida) I (non-past يَشْهَدُ (yašhadu), verbal noun شُهُود (šuhūd))

1. to witness, to be a witness
2. to experience personally, to see with one’s own eyes
3. to be present, to attend, to be around
4. to see

Conjugation

    Conjugation of شَهِدَ (I, sound, i ~ a, full passive, verbal noun شُهُود)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						شُهُود šuhūd
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						شَاهِد šāhid
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَشْهُود mašhūd
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شَهِدْتُ šahidtu	شَهِدْتَ šahidta	شَهِدَ šahida		شَهِدْتُمَا šahidtumā	شَهِدَا šahidā		شَهِدْنَا šahidnā	شَهِدْتُمْ šahidtum	شَهِدُوا šahidū
	f		شَهِدْتِ šahidti	شَهِدَتْ šahidat			شَهِدَتَا šahidatā			شَهِدْتُنَّ šahidtunna	شَهِدْنَ šahidna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَشْهَدُ ʔašhadu	تَشْهَدُ tašhadu	يَشْهَدُ yašhadu		تَشْهَدَانِ tašhadāni	يَشْهَدَانِ yašhadāni		نَشْهَدُ našhadu	تَشْهَدُونَ tašhadūna	يَشْهَدُونَ yašhadūna
	f		تَشْهَدِينَ tašhadīna	تَشْهَدُ tašhadu			تَشْهَدَانِ tašhadāni			تَشْهَدْنَ tašhadna	يَشْهَدْنَ yašhadna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَشْهَدَ ʔašhada	تَشْهَدَ tašhada	يَشْهَدَ yašhada		تَشْهَدَا tašhadā	يَشْهَدَا yašhadā		نَشْهَدَ našhada	تَشْهَدُوا tašhadū	يَشْهَدُوا yašhadū
	f		تَشْهَدِي tašhadī	تَشْهَدَ tašhada			تَشْهَدَا tašhadā			تَشْهَدْنَ tašhadna	يَشْهَدْنَ yašhadna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَشْهَدْ ʔašhad	تَشْهَدْ tašhad	يَشْهَدْ yašhad		تَشْهَدَا tašhadā	يَشْهَدَا yašhadā		نَشْهَدْ našhad	تَشْهَدُوا tašhadū	يَشْهَدُوا yašhadū
	f		تَشْهَدِي tašhadī	تَشْهَدْ tašhad			تَشْهَدَا tašhadā			تَشْهَدْنَ tašhadna	يَشْهَدْنَ yašhadna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِشْهَدْ išhad			اِشْهَدَا išhadā				اِشْهَدُوا išhadū
	f		اِشْهَدِي išhadī							اِشْهَدْنَ išhadna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شُهِدْتُ šuhidtu	شُهِدْتَ šuhidta	شُهِدَ šuhida		شُهِدْتُمَا šuhidtumā	شُهِدَا šuhidā		شُهِدْنَا šuhidnā	شُهِدْتُمْ šuhidtum	شُهِدُوا šuhidū
	f		شُهِدْتِ šuhidti	شُهِدَتْ šuhidat			شُهِدَتَا šuhidatā			شُهِدْتُنَّ šuhidtunna	شُهِدْنَ šuhidna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُشْهَدُ ʔušhadu	تُشْهَدُ tušhadu	يُشْهَدُ yušhadu		تُشْهَدَانِ tušhadāni	يُشْهَدَانِ yušhadāni		نُشْهَدُ nušhadu	تُشْهَدُونَ tušhadūna	يُشْهَدُونَ yušhadūna
	f		تُشْهَدِينَ tušhadīna	تُشْهَدُ tušhadu			تُشْهَدَانِ tušhadāni			تُشْهَدْنَ tušhadna	يُشْهَدْنَ yušhadna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُشْهَدَ ʔušhada	تُشْهَدَ tušhada	يُشْهَدَ yušhada		تُشْهَدَا tušhadā	يُشْهَدَا yušhadā		نُشْهَدَ nušhada	تُشْهَدُوا tušhadū	يُشْهَدُوا yušhadū
	f		تُشْهَدِي tušhadī	تُشْهَدَ tušhada			تُشْهَدَا tušhadā			تُشْهَدْنَ tušhadna	يُشْهَدْنَ yušhadna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُشْهَدْ ʔušhad	تُشْهَدْ tušhad	يُشْهَدْ yušhad		تُشْهَدَا tušhadā	يُشْهَدَا yušhadā		نُشْهَدْ nušhad	تُشْهَدُوا tušhadū	يُشْهَدُوا yušhadū
	f		تُشْهَدِي tušhadī	تُشْهَدْ tušhad			تُشْهَدَا tušhadā			تُشْهَدْنَ tušhadna	يُشْهَدْنَ yušhadna

Verb

شَهِدَ • (šahida) I (non-past يَشْهَدُ (yašhadu), verbal noun شَهَادَة (šahāda))

1. to testify, to bear witness, to give testimony, to give evidence

   شَهِدَ الشَّاهِدُ بِالحَقِّ أَمَامَ القَاضِي.

   šahida š-šāhidu bi-l-ḥaqqi ʔamāma l-qāḍī.

   The witness testified to the truth in front of the judge.

2. to attest, to confirm, to certify
3. to witness (a signature)
4. to acknowledge, to adjudge

Conjugation

    Conjugation of شَهِدَ (I, sound, i ~ a, impersonal passive (?), verbal noun شَهَادَة)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						شَهَادَة šahāda
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						شَاهِد šāhid
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَشْهُود mašhūd
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شَهِدْتُ šahidtu	شَهِدْتَ šahidta	شَهِدَ šahida		شَهِدْتُمَا šahidtumā	شَهِدَا šahidā		شَهِدْنَا šahidnā	شَهِدْتُمْ šahidtum	شَهِدُوا šahidū
	f		شَهِدْتِ šahidti	شَهِدَتْ šahidat			شَهِدَتَا šahidatā			شَهِدْتُنَّ šahidtunna	شَهِدْنَ šahidna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَشْهَدُ ʔašhadu	تَشْهَدُ tašhadu	يَشْهَدُ yašhadu		تَشْهَدَانِ tašhadāni	يَشْهَدَانِ yašhadāni		نَشْهَدُ našhadu	تَشْهَدُونَ tašhadūna	يَشْهَدُونَ yašhadūna
	f		تَشْهَدِينَ tašhadīna	تَشْهَدُ tašhadu			تَشْهَدَانِ tašhadāni			تَشْهَدْنَ tašhadna	يَشْهَدْنَ yašhadna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَشْهَدَ ʔašhada	تَشْهَدَ tašhada	يَشْهَدَ yašhada		تَشْهَدَا tašhadā	يَشْهَدَا yašhadā		نَشْهَدَ našhada	تَشْهَدُوا tašhadū	يَشْهَدُوا yašhadū
	f		تَشْهَدِي tašhadī	تَشْهَدَ tašhada			تَشْهَدَا tašhadā			تَشْهَدْنَ tašhadna	يَشْهَدْنَ yašhadna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَشْهَدْ ʔašhad	تَشْهَدْ tašhad	يَشْهَدْ yašhad		تَشْهَدَا tašhadā	يَشْهَدَا yašhadā		نَشْهَدْ našhad	تَشْهَدُوا tašhadū	يَشْهَدُوا yašhadū
	f		تَشْهَدِي tašhadī	تَشْهَدْ tašhad			تَشْهَدَا tašhadā			تَشْهَدْنَ tašhadna	يَشْهَدْنَ yašhadna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِشْهَدْ išhad			اِشْهَدَا išhadā				اِشْهَدُوا išhadū
	f		اِشْهَدِي išhadī							اِشْهَدْنَ išhadna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	شُهِدَ šuhida		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُشْهَدُ yušhadu		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُشْهَدَ yušhada		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُشْهَدْ yušhad		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Derived terms

• وَشَهِدَ شَاهِدٌ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا (wašahida šāhidun min ʔahlihā)

Etymology 2

From ش ه د (š-h-d), uncertain sense, perhaps from likening the honeycombs to the graves of martyrs or the swarming of people at such shrines like bees swarm around a hive; see مشهد. Otherwise from the mucus that covers a fetus at birth; the meaning of birth is extended from the "being around" or "being present" of verb form I.

Noun

شَهْد or شُهْد • (šahd or šuhd) m (plural شِهَاد (šihād))

1. honey especially still in the honeycomb

   Synonym: عَسَل (ʕasal)

   • 13th century, Saʿdī aš-Šīrāzī, دیوان سعدی [Dīwān of Saʿdī]:

     فَكَمْ تُمَرِّرُ عَيْشِي وَأَنْتَ حامِلُ شَهْدٍ

     fakam tumarriru ʕayšī waʔanta ḥāmilu šahdin

     And how much you make my life bitter and [although] you are a carrier of honey

2. honeycomb
3. melon, cantaloupe
4. nectar
5. (figuratively) anything pleasant
6. (figuratively, from stickiness) semen, menstruation

Declension

Declension of noun شَهْد (šahd)‎; شُهْد (šuhd)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	شَهْد‎; شُهْد šahd‎; šuhd	الشَّهْد‎; الشُّهْد aš-šahd‎; aš-šuhd	شَهْد‎; شُهْد šahd‎; šuhd
Nominative	شَهْدٌ‎; شُهْدٌ šahdun‎; šuhdun	الشَّهْدُ‎; الشُّهْدُ aš-šahdu‎; aš-šuhdu	شَهْدُ‎; شُهْدُ šahdu‎; šuhdu
Accusative	شَهْدًا‎; شُهْدًا šahdan‎; šuhdan	الشَّهْدَ‎; الشُّهْدَ aš-šahda‎; aš-šuhda	شَهْدَ‎; شُهْدَ šahda‎; šuhda
Genitive	شَهْدٍ‎; شُهْدٍ šahdin‎; šuhdin	الشَّهْدِ‎; الشُّهْدِ aš-šahdi‎; aš-šuhdi	شَهْدِ‎; شُهْدِ šahdi‎; šuhdi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	شَهْدَيْن‎; شُهْدَيْن šahdayn‎; šuhdayn	الشَّهْدَيْن‎; الشُّهْدَيْن aš-šahdayn‎; aš-šuhdayn	شَهْدَيْ‎; شُهْدَيْ šahday‎; šuhday
Nominative	شَهْدَانِ‎; شُهْدَانِ šahdāni‎; šuhdāni	الشَّهْدَانِ‎; الشُّهْدَانِ aš-šahdāni‎; aš-šuhdāni	شَهْدَا‎; شُهْدَا šahdā‎; šuhdā
Accusative	شَهْدَيْنِ‎; شُهْدَيْنِ šahdayni‎; šuhdayni	الشَّهْدَيْنِ‎; الشُّهْدَيْنِ aš-šahdayni‎; aš-šuhdayni	شَهْدَيْ‎; شُهْدَيْ šahday‎; šuhday
Genitive	شَهْدَيْنِ‎; شُهْدَيْنِ šahdayni‎; šuhdayni	الشَّهْدَيْنِ‎; الشُّهْدَيْنِ aš-šahdayni‎; aš-šuhdayni	شَهْدَيْ‎; شُهْدَيْ šahday‎; šuhday
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	شِهَاد šihād	الشِّهَاد aš-šihād	شِهَاد šihād
Nominative	شِهَادٌ šihādun	الشِّهَادُ aš-šihādu	شِهَادُ šihādu
Accusative	شِهَادًا šihādan	الشِّهَادَ aš-šihāda	شِهَادَ šihāda
Genitive	شِهَادٍ šihādin	الشِّهَادِ aš-šihādi	شِهَادِ šihādi

Descendants

• → Persian: شَهْد (šahd)
  • → Hindi: शहद (śahad)
  • → Urdu: شہد

Etymology 3

Adjective

شُهَّد • (šuhhad) m pl

1. masculine plural of شَاهِد (šāhid)

References

• Freytag, Georg (1833) “شهد”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 459–460
• Lane, Edward William (1863) “شهد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[2], London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1609–1611

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَهْد (šahd).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʃahð]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃäɦd̪]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃäɦd̪]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʃɑːt̪]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʃɔːd̪̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃæɦd̪̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃäɦd̪]

Readings
Classical reading?	šahd
Dari reading?	šahd
Iranian reading?	šahd
Tajik reading?	šahd

Noun

شهد • (šahd)

1. nectar (in the flower, before bees make it into honey)
2. (archaic) honey

   Synonyms: عسل (asal), انگبین (angabin)

3. (figurative) something sweet
   • c. 1380, Jahān Malik Khātūn, “Ghazal 265”, in دیوان جهان [Divān-i Jahān]‎^[3]:

     ای دل چو جهان به کام ما نیست
     شهباز وفا به دام ما نیست
     وز شهد وصال آن دلارام
     جز زهر جفا به جام ما نیست

     ay dil čū jahān ba kām-i mā nēst
     šahbāz-i wafā ba dām-i mā nēst
     w-az šahd-i wisāl-i ān dilārām
     juz zahr-i jafā ba jām-i mā nēst

     O heart! Since the world is not as we would wish it,
     The falcon of loyalty is not in our snare,
     And from the honey of reunion with that heart-soothing one,
     There is nothing but the venom of torment in our cup.

     (Classical Persian romanization)

Descendants

• → Hindi: शहद (śahad)
• → Urdu: شہد

Further reading

• Bulkin, Carleton (2012) “شهد”, in Dari-English/English-Dari practical dictionary, 2nd edition, New York: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 237
• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “شهد”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim