憚る
Japanese edit
Etymology edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
憚 |
はばか Hyōgaiji |
kun’yomi |
Cognate with 阻む (habamu, “to prevent, thwart”), 蔓延る (habikoru, “to grow dense”), and possibly 幅 (haba, “width”).[1][2]
Also cognate with classical adjective 憚し (habashi, “hesitant, shy”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Tokyo) はばかる [hàbákáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1][3]
- (Tokyo) はばかる [hàbákárú] (Heiban – [0])[3]
- IPA(key): [ha̠ba̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
Verb edit
憚る • (habakaru) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 憚り (habakari), past 憚った (habakatta))
- (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
- (intransitive) to get full, grow rampant
- (intransitive) to throw one’s weight around, to make one’s presence felt
- (archaic, transitive) to beware of, be wary of
- (archaic, transitive) to abhor, detest
- (archaic, transitive) to grieve, hold a funeral service
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of "憚る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 憚ら | はばから | habakara |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 憚り | はばかり | habakari |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 憚る | はばかる | habakaru |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 憚る | はばかる | habakaru |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 憚れ | はばかれ | habakare |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 憚れ | はばかれ | habakare |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 憚られる | はばかられる | habakarareru |
Causative | 憚らせる 憚らす |
はばからせる はばからす |
habakaraseru habakarasu |
Potential | 憚れる | はばかれる | habakareru |
Volitional | 憚ろう | はばかろう | habakarō |
Negative | 憚らない | はばからない | habakaranai |
Negative continuative | 憚らず | はばからず | habakarazu |
Formal | 憚ります | はばかります | habakarimasu |
Perfective | 憚った | はばかった | habakatta |
Conjunctive | 憚って | はばかって | habakatte |
Hypothetical conditional | 憚れば | はばかれば | habakareba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 憚ら | はばから | fabakara |
Continuative (連用形) | 憚り | はばかり | fabakari |
Terminal (終止形) | 憚る | はばかる | fabakaru |
Attributive (連体形) | 憚る | はばかる | fabakaru |
Realis (已然形) | 憚れ | はばかれ | fabakare |
Imperative (命令形) | 憚れ | はばかれ | fabakare |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 憚らず | はばからず | fabakarazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 憚れど | はばかれど | fabakaredo |
Causal conjunction | 憚れば | はばかれば | fabakareba |
Conditional conjunction | 憚らば | はばからば | fabakaraba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憚りき | はばかりき | fabakariki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憚りけり | はばかりけり | fabakarikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 憚りつ | はばかりつ | fabakaritu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 憚りぬ | はばかりぬ | fabakarinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 憚れり 憚りたり |
はばかれり はばかりたり |
fabakareri fabakaritari |
Volitional | 憚らむ | はばからむ | fabakaramu |
Derived terms edit
Idioms edit
Proverbs edit
- 過ちては則ち改むるに憚ること勿れ (ayamachite wa sunawachi aratamuru ni habakaru koto nakare)
- 憎まれっ子世に憚る (nikumarekko yo ni habakaru)
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “憚”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
Old Japanese edit
Etymology edit
From a pab- stem cognate with modern Japanese 阻む (habamu, “to prevent, thwart”).
Verb edit
憚る (pabakaru) (kana はばかる)
- (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
- (transitive) to beware of, be wary of
- 720, Nihon Shoki, (Emperor Nintoku, fortieth year of reign [c. 353 CE], second month):; Maeda-bon glosses
- 然重二皇后之言一、亦敦二友于之義一而忍レ之勿レ罪
- But [the Emperor] was wary of the Empress’s words; out of respect for the rules of brotherhood, he was patient and did not punish [his son].
Derived terms edit
- 行き憚る (yuki1pabakaru)
Descendants edit
- Japanese: 憚る (habakaru)