Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
ひず
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Unknown. Possible shared root with (hiji, elbow) and (hiza, knee), related to ideas of bending.

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「歪む
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
歪む ずむ [hìzúmú]
Imperative (命令形) 歪め ずめ [hìzúmé]
Key constructions
Passive 歪まれる ずまれる [hìzúmárérú]
Causative 歪ませる ずませる [hìzúmásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 歪もう ずも [hìzúmóꜜò]
Negative 歪まない ずまない [hìzúmánáí]
Negative perfective 歪まなかった ずまなかった [hìzúmánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 歪みます ずみま [hìzúmímáꜜsù]
Perfective 歪んだ ずんだ [hìzúńdá]
Conjunctive 歪んで ずんで [hìzúńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 歪めば ずめ [hìzúméꜜbà]

Verb

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(ひず) (hizumuひづむ (fidumu)?transitive or intransitive godan (stem (ひず) (hizumi), past (ひず)んだ (hizunda))

  1. (intransitive) to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked
  2. (transitive) to bend or warp something:
    1. to bend something, to warp or distort something
    2. to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller
    3. (figurative) to berate or torment someone
Usage notes
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ひずむ (hizumu) can be used to describe:

  • images:
    (えい)(ぞう)(ひず)eizō ga hizumuthe image is distorting
  • shapes:
    (はこ)(かたち)(ひず)hako no katachi ga hizumuthe box's shape is distorting
  • audio:
    (おん)(せい)(ひず)onsei ga hizumuthe sound is distorting

but cannot be used to describe:

  • facial expressions

ひずむ (hizumu) implies that the subject is difficult to see or hear properly due to noise, distortion, or other impurity. It is used less to describe specific shapes, and more to describe noise in images or audio.

Conjugation
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
ゆが
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, which in turn comes from Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu. Possibly related to (yumi, a bow), which appears in compounds as (yu).

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「歪む
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
歪む がむ [yùgámú]
Imperative (命令形) 歪め がめ [yùgámé]
Key constructions
Passive 歪まれる がまれる [yùgámárérú]
Causative 歪ませる がませる [yùgámásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 歪もう がも [yùgámóꜜò]
Negative 歪まない がまない [yùgámánáí]
Negative perfective 歪まなかった がまなかった [yùgámánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 歪みます がみま [yùgámímáꜜsù]
Perfective 歪んだ がんだ [yùgáńdá]
Conjunctive 歪んで がんで [yùgáńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 歪めば がめ [yùgáméꜜbà]

Verb

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(ゆが) (yugamuintransitive godan (stem (ゆが) (yugami), past (ゆが)んだ (yuganda))

Japanese verb pair
active (ゆが)める
mediopassive (ゆが)
  1. to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
  2. to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
  3. to deviate from a previous stance or favorable direction
  4. to speak in a strong accent
Usage notes
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ゆがむ (yugamu) can be used to describe:

  • images:
    (えい)(ぞう)(ゆが)eizō ga yugamuthe image is deforming
  • shapes:
    (はこ)(かたち)(ゆが)hako no katachi ga yugamuthe box's shape is deforming
  • facial expressions:
    (くる)しみで(かお)(ゆが)kurushimi de kao ga yugamuthe suffering face is becoming irregular

but cannot be used to describe:

  • audio

ゆがむ (yugamu) implies that a shape or form has become distorted or deformed for some reason. This can be used to describe three-dimensional objects or lines, but is more often used to describe flat objects. ゆがむ (yugamu) often carries negative connotations.

Conjugation
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Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
いが
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Phonetic alteration from ゆがむ (yugamu).[2]

Pronunciation

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Verb

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(いが) (igamutransitive or intransitive godan (stem (いが) (igami), past (いが)んだ (iganda))

  1. (intransitive) to become bent or deformed:
    1. to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
    2. to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
    3. to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)
  2. (transitive) to steal something
Usage notes
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The ゆがむ (yugamu) reading is generally more common for the intransitive senses.

Conjugation
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Derived terms
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN