See also: and
U+5F13, 弓
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F13

[U+5F12]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5F14]
U+2F38, ⼸
KANGXI RADICAL BOW

[U+2F37]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F39]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 57, +0, 3 strokes, cangjie input (N), four-corner 17207, composition )

  1. Kangxi radical #57, .

Derived characters edit

See also edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9692
  • Dae Jaweon: page 671, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 987, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5F13

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𭚥

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           

Pictogram (象形) – a bow.

Etymology edit

Possibly related to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ (tree, branch, stem) (Coblin, 1986), semantically connected with the shape of a bent tree branch. Cognate with Burmese ကိုင်း (kuing:, to bend over; to be bent), အကိုင်း (a.kuing:, stalk; branch), Tedim Chin [script needed] (kung¹, tree), Jingpho kung (to branch; to grow), lakung (branch; limb), Lepcha ᰀᰩᰵ (kóng, branch), ᰀᰫᰵ (kúng, tree) (STEDT).

Schuessler (2007) proposes that both Old Chinese (OC *kʷɯŋ) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ are derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer *koŋ, whence Nyah Kur [script needed] (kóoŋ, bent (in the middle)), Mon ကိုၚ် (to be bent), Khmer កោង (kaong, to bend; to be bent), Khasi pyrkhung (to bend; to arch), Pear kuŋ (bend), Vietnamese cong (to be bent, curved).

Also compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ku(ː)m (arched; vaulted)

Derivatives are (OC *kʷɯːŋ, “(upper) arm”) and (OC *kʰʷɯŋ, “arched; vault; sky”).

Pronunciation edit


Note:
  • keng - vernacular;
  • kiong - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: gen1 / gong1
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /kən³³/, /kʊŋ³³/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /kən³³/, /kən³³/

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /kuŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /kuŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /kuŋ²¹/
    Jinan /kuŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /kəŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /kuŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /kuŋ²¹/
    Xining /kuə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /kuŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /kũn³¹/
    Ürümqi /kuŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /koŋ⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /koŋ⁵⁵/
    /t͡ɕyoŋ⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /koŋ⁵⁵/
    /t͡ɕioŋ⁵⁵/
    Kunming /koŋ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /koŋ³¹/
    Hefei /kəŋ²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /kuəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /kuŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /kũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /koŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /koŋ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /koŋ³³/
    Wenzhou /t͡ɕoŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /kuʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /kan¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /koŋ³³/
    Xiangtan /kən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kuŋ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /kiuŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kioŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /koŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /kuŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kuŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiɔŋ⁵⁵/
    /kiŋ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kyŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kœyŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /keŋ³³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /koŋ²³/
    /kiaŋ²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (2)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter kjuwng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kɨuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kiuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kiuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kuwŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /kiuŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /kĭuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ki̯uŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    jiōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gung1
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    gōng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ kjuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kʷəŋ/
    English bow (n.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 4079
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kʷɯŋ/

    Definitions edit

    1. bow (weapon) (Classifier: )
    2. bow (of a stringed instrument, or a cotton bow, or catapult) (Classifier: )
    3. curved; arched
    4. to arch; to bend
    5. (Jiexi Hakka) rainbow
    6. (obsolete) Synonym of () (a traditional Chinese unit of length and area)
    7. a surname: Gong

    Synonyms edit

    • (bow of a stringed instrument, or a cotton bow, or catapult) 弓子 (gōngzi)
    • (to arch): 彎曲弯曲 (wānqū)
    • (rainbow):

    Compounds edit

    See also edit

    References edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. In modern Japanese, only found as a prefix in compounds.[1][2]

    Pronunciation edit

    Prefix edit

    () (yu-

    1. a bow, a bow shape
    Derived terms edit

    Etymology 2 edit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
     
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
     
    (yumi): Four different types of bow.
     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
     
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
     
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
     
    (yu, yumi, tarashi, kyū): Japanese bows, arrows, and arrow-stand.
     
    Yumi bow parts names
    Kanji in this term
    ゆみ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE). A surface analysis suggests a combination of Old Japanese yu (see above) + suffixing element mi, itself of uncertain derivation.

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (ゆみ) (yumi

    1. a bow:
      1. (weaponry) a bow for shooting arrows
      2. (music) a bow for playing a stringed instrument such as a violin or cello
    2. archery
    3. (Shinto) a type of kagura (sacred Shinto song and dance) intended to drive away evil
    4. short for ()()(ゆみ) (hama yumi): a ceremonial archery bow with the power to dispel evil
    5. a bow shape, a curve
    6. a bow-shaped tool used to beat ginned cotton into a softer and finer textile
    Coordinate terms edit
    Derived terms edit

    See also edit

    Further reading edit

    Etymology 3 edit

    Kanji in this term
    たらし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Alteration from torashi, 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb torasu, from tora as the 未然形 (mizenkei, incomplete form) of verb 取る (toru, to take) + (su, honorific suffix in Old Japanese). Original meaning was “something kept to hand”.[1][2]

    Alternative forms edit

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (たらし) (tarashi

    1. (rare, honorific) an archery bow, particularly one belonging to a noble
    Synonyms edit

    Etymology 4 edit

    Kanji in this term
    きゅう
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese (MC kjuwng).[1][2] Compare modern Mandarin (gōng).

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (きゅう) (kyū

    1. (rare) a bow
    2. (obsolete) in ancient Chinese archery, a unit of length for measuring the distance between the archer and the target; one kyū was equal to six (shaku), roughly six feet or 182 centimeters
    3. (obsolete) in ancient China, a unit of length for surveying land; one kyū was equal to eight (shaku), roughly eight feet or 242 centimeters
    Usage notes edit

    In modern Japanese, the reading kyū is most often found in compounds.

    Derived terms edit

    References edit

    1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

    Korean edit

     

    the shape of the Hun bow

    Etymology edit

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun (hwal gung))

    1. Hanja form? of (bow (for shooting arrows).

    Compounds edit

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: cung, cong, củng

    1. a bow

    Compounds edit

    hình cung (形弓): an arc