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Translingual
edit| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
edit
弓 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 弓 (N), four-corner 17207, composition ⿱コ㇉)
- Kangxi radical #57, ⼸.
Derived characters
editAdditional Derived Characters
See also
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9692
- Dae Jaweon: page 671, character 22
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 987, character 11
- Unihan data for U+5F13
Chinese
edit| simp. and trad. |
弓 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𭚥 | |
Glyph origin
edit| Historical forms of the character 弓 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – a bow. See also the original version of 射.
Etymology
editPossibly related to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ (“tree, branch, stem”) (Coblin, 1986), semantically connected with the shape of a bent tree branch. Cognate with Burmese ကိုင်း (kuing:, “to bend over; to be bent”), အကိုင်း (a.kuing:, “stalk; branch”), Tedim Chin [script needed] (kung¹, “tree”), Jingpho kung (“to branch; to grow”), lakung (“branch; limb”), Lepcha ᰀᰩᰵ (kóng, “branch”), ᰀᰫᰵ (kúng, “tree”) (STEDT).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that both Old Chinese 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ are derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer *koŋ, whence Nyah Kur [script needed] (kóoŋ, “bent (in the middle)”), Mon ကိုၚ် (“to be bent”), Khmer កោង (kaong, “to bend; to be bent”), Khasi pyrkhung (“to bend; to arch”), Pear kuŋ (“bend”), Vietnamese cong (“to be bent, curved”).
Also compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ku(ː)m (“arched; vaulted”)
Derivatives are 肱 (OC *kʷɯːŋ, “(upper) arm”) and 穹 (OC *kʰʷɯŋ, “arched; vault; sky”).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong1 / jiong1
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): gǒng
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): gòn
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гун (gun, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gung1
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gung1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): guung1
- Gan (Wiktionary): gung1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gung1
- Northern Min (KCR): gé̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̆ng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goeng1 / gyoeng1
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): goeng1
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gen1 / gong1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gōng
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gong
- Wade–Giles: kung1
- Yale: gūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
- Palladius: гун (gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gong1 / jiong1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gung / gyng
- Sinological IPA (key): /koŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡ɕyoŋ⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: gǒng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuəŋ²¹/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: gòn
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): gon1
- Sinological IPA (key): /koŋ³¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гун (gun, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gung1
- Yale: gūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung1
- Guangdong Romanization: gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: guung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɵŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiûng
- Hakka Romanization System: giungˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: giung1
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯uŋ²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: giungˋ
- Sinological IPA: /kiuŋ⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gung1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gé̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kœyŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̆ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: goeng1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ge̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kœŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gyoeng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- keng - vernacular;
- kiong - literary.
Note:
- giang1- vernacular;
- gong1 - literary.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: goeng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /køŋ⁵³/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Wugniu: 1kon
- MiniDict: kon平
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 1kon
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /koŋ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Jiading): /koŋ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /koŋ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /koŋ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /koŋ⁴⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /koŋ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /koŋ⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /koŋ⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /koŋ³³⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /koŋ⁵²/
- Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /koŋ⁵³/
- (Northern: Chongming)
- (Northern: Shaoxing)
- (Jinhua)
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Xiang
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: kjuwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷəŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʷɯŋ/
Definitions
edit弓
- bow (weapon) (Classifier: 張／张)
- bow (of a stringed instrument, or a cotton bow, or catapult) (Classifier: 張／张)
- curved; arched
- to arch; to bend
- (Jiexi Hakka) rainbow
- (obsolete) Synonym of 步 (bù) (a traditional Chinese unit of length and area)
- a surname, Gong
Synonyms
edit- (bow of a stringed instrument, or a cotton bow, or catapult) 弓子 (gōngzi)
- (to arch): 彎曲／弯曲 (wānqū)
- (rainbow):
Compounds
edit- 一弓
- 主動脈弓 / 主动脉弓 (zhǔdòngmàigōng)
- 仲弓
- 傷弓之鳥 / 伤弓之鸟
- 半弓
- 天弓 (tiāngōng)
- 定弓田
- 定弓虛稅 / 定弓虚税
- 左右開弓 / 左右开弓
- 弓不虛發 / 弓不虚发
- 弓人 (gōngrén)
- 弓兒 / 弓儿
- 弓兒扯滿 / 弓儿扯满
- 弓兵
- 弓冶
- 弓匠
- 弓套
- 弓子 (gōngzi)
- 弓師 / 弓师
- 弓弓
- 弓弦 (gōngxián)
- 弓弩 (gōngnǔ)
- 弓形 (gōngxíng)
- 弓形鑽 / 弓形钻
- 弓影杯蛇
- 弓影浮杯
- 弓手 (gōngshǒu)
- 弓折矢盡 / 弓折矢尽
- 弓折箭盡 / 弓折箭尽
- 弓招
- 弓旌
- 弓根 (gōnggēn)
- 弓極 / 弓极
- 弓步 (gōngbù)
- 弓毛 (gōngmáo)
- 弓漿蟲 / 弓浆虫
- 弓琴
- 弓矛之士
- 弓矢 (gōngshǐ)
- 弓硯緣 / 弓砚缘
- 弓箭 (gōngjiàn)
- 弓箭手 (gōngjiànshǒu)
- 弓箭步 (gōngjiànbù)
- 弓繳 / 弓缴 (gōngzhuó)
- 弓背
- 弓腰
- 弓腰曲背
- 弓蕉 (gung1 ziu1)
- 弓蛇
- 弓裘
- 弓調馬服 / 弓调马服
- 弓足
- 弓身 (gōngshēn)
- 弓鞋 (gōngxié)
- 弓鞬
- 弓韣 / 弓𱂋
- 弓馬 / 弓马 (gōngmǎ)
- 弓鰭魚 / 弓鳍鱼
- 弩弓
- 弸弓
- 張弓拔刃 / 张弓拔刃
- 張弓挾矢 / 张弓挟矢
- 強弓硬弩 / 强弓硬弩 (qiáng gōng yìng nǔ)
- 張弓簇箭 / 张弓簇箭
- 張羅彀弓 / 张罗彀弓
- 彈弓 / 弹弓 (dàngōng)
- 彎弓 / 弯弓
- 彎弓搭箭 / 弯弓搭箭
- 彤弓
- 彫弓 / 雕弓
- 悶弓兒 / 闷弓儿
- 手弓鋸 / 手弓锯
- 打背弓
- 扯弓搭箭 (chě gōng dā jiàn)
- 拈弓搭箭
- 拉硬弓
- 搭弩張弓 / 搭弩张弓
- 撥弓 / 拨弓
- 杯弓蛇影 (bēigōng-shéyǐng)
- 棄弓折箭 / 弃弓折箭
- 楚弓楚得
- 檀弓
- 櫜弓臥鼓 / 櫜弓卧鼓
- 步弓 (bùgōng)
- 滿弓 / 满弓
- 烹犬藏弓
- 玈弓
- 玉弓
- 琴弓 (qíngōng)
- 番弓
- 盤馬彎弓 / 盘马弯弓
- 硬弓
- 硬弩強弓 / 硬弩强弓
- 窄弓弓
- 窩弓 / 窝弓
- 綿弓 / 绵弓
- 繃弓 / 绷弓 (bēnggōng)
- 背弓
- 良弓
- 落背弓
- 角弓 (jiǎogōng)
- 調弓號猿 / 调弓号猿
- 貫弓 / 贯弓
- 開弓 / 开弓 (kāigōng)
- 開弦弓 / 开弦弓 (Kāixiángōng)
- 關弓 / 关弓
- 韜弓 / 韬弓
- 驚弓之鳥 / 惊弓之鸟 (jīnggōngzhīniǎo)
- 鳥盡弓藏 / 鸟尽弓藏 (niǎojìngōngcáng)
See also
editReferences
edit- “弓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editKanji
edit弓
Readings
edit- Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
- Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)←きゆう (kyuu, historical)
- Kun: たらし (tarashi, 弓)、ゆ (yu, 弓)、ゆみ (yumi, 弓, Jōyō)
- Nanori: こ (ko)、ゆ (yu)
Etymology 1
edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弓 |
| ゆ Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. In modern Japanese, only found as a prefix in compounds.[1][2] Possibly contracted from 弓 (yumi, “bow”), as most derived terms exhibit voicing of the second component. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
editPrefix
editDerived terms
editEtymology 2
edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弓 |
| ゆみ Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese,[3] ultimately from Proto-Japonic *yumi. Appears in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE), with a phonetic spelling of 由美 ⟨yumi₁⟩, */yumʲi/.[4]
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- a bow:
- archery
- (Shinto) a type of kagura (sacred Shinto song and dance) intended to drive away evil
- short for 破魔弓 (hama yumi): a ceremonial archery bow with the power to dispel evil
- a bow shape, a curve
- a bow-shaped tool used to beat ginned cotton into a softer and finer textile
Coordinate terms
edit- (archery): 仗 (tsue)/杖 (tsue): yumi stave; 弦 (tsuru): yumi bowstring; 矢 (ya): an arrow (鏃 (yajiri): arrowheads; 簳 (yagara): arrow-shafts; 羽 (hane): arrow-fletchings); 靫 (utsubo)): a quiver; 胸当て (muneate): kyudo plastron/chestguard; 弽 (yugake): kyudo gloves; 弩 (ishiyumi): a crossbow
Derived terms
edit- 和弓 (wayumi, “Japanese bow/yumi”)
- 弓矢 (yumiya, “bow and arrow”)
- 大弓 (ōyumi, “stonebow”) (in ancient times)
- 梓弓 (azusayumi, “a bow made from the wood of the Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa”)
- 破魔弓 (hamayumi, “a traditional Shintō ceremonial bow for dispelling evil”)
- 重籐弓 (shigedōyumi), 滋籐弓 (shigedō yumi), 繁籐弓 (shigedō yumi, “a rattan wood bow”)
See also
edit- ロングボウ (rongubō, “longbow”)
Further reading
edit
弓_(武器) on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ja (archery)- Yumi (Japanese archery bow) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- 弓_(楽器) on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ja (music)
- Bow_(music) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Etymology 3
edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弓 |
| たらし Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
Alteration from torashi, 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb torasu, from tora as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 取る (toru, “to take”) + す (su, honorific suffix in Old Japanese). Original meaning was “something kept to hand”.[1][2]
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editNoun
editSynonyms
editEtymology 4
edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 弓 |
| きゅう Grade: 2 |
| kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 弓 (MC kjuwng).[1][2] Compare modern Mandarin 弓 (gōng).
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- (rare) a bow
- (obsolete) in ancient Chinese archery, a unit of length for measuring the distance between the archer and the target; one kyū was equal to six 尺 (shaku), roughly six feet or 182 centimeters
- (obsolete) in ancient China, a unit of length for surveying land; one kyū was equal to eight 尺 (shaku), roughly eight feet or 242 centimeters
Usage notes
editIn modern Japanese, the reading kyū is most often found in compounds.
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “弓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
edit
the shape of the Hun bow
Etymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kuŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [궁]
Hanja
edit
Compounds
editVietnamese
editHan character
edit弓: Hán Nôm readings: cung, cong, củng
- a bow
Compounds
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