sullen

Contents

EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle English solein, from Anglo-Norman soleyn (“alone”), from sole (“single, sole, alone”), from Latin sōlus (“by oneself alone”). The change in meaning from "single" to morose occurred in Middle English.

PronunciationEdit

• enPR: sŭl'ən

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʌlən

AdjectiveEdit

sullen (comparative sullener, superlative sullenest)

1. Having a brooding ill temper; sulky.
   • Prior

     And sullen I forsook the imperfect feast.

2. Gloomy; dismal; foreboding.
   • 1593, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, IV. v. 88:

     Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change;

   • 1671, John Milton, “Book the First”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: Printed by J. M[acock] for John Starkey at the Mitre in Fleetstreet, near Temple-Bar, OCLC 228732398, lines 497–502, page 27:

     He added not; and Satan bowing low / His gray diſſimulation, diſappear'd / Into thin Air diffuſ'd: for now began / Night with her ſullen wing to double-ſhade / The Deſert; Fowls in thir clay neſts were couch't; / And now wild Beaſts came forth the woods to roam.

3. Sluggish; slow.
   • Sir Walter Scott

     The larger stream was placid, and even sullen, in its course.

4. (obsolete) Lonely; solitary; desolate.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Wyclif Bible (Job iii. 14) to this entry?)

5. (obsolete) Mischievous; malignant; unpropitious.
   • Dryden

     Such sullen planets at my birth did shine.

6. (obsolete) Obstinate; intractable.
   • Tillotson

     Things are as sullen as we are.

SynonymsEdit

• sulky, morose

AntonymsEdit

• cheerful
• content
• lighthearted
• pleased

TranslationsEdit

having a brooding ill temper

• Armenian: խոժոռ (hy) (xožoṙ)
• Danish: vrangvillig, mut
• Dutch: gemelijk (nl), nors (nl)
• Finnish: nyreä, yrmeä (fi), ynseä (fi), juro (fi)
• French: maussade (fr), morose (fr)
• Galician: túzaro (gl)
• Italian: afflitto (it) m, astioso

• Maori: whakamokeke, haumaruru, tukumaru, whakarikiriki
• Portuguese: carrancudo (pt)
• Russian: угрю́мый (ru) (ugrjúmyj)
• Scottish Gaelic: gruamach
• Serbo-Croatian: мрзовољан, mrzovoljan (sh)
• Spanish: hosco (es), taciturno (es)

dismal

• Armenian: մռայլ (hy) (mṙayl)
• Danish: mørk (da), dyster
• Dutch: somber (nl)
• Finnish: synkeä
• French: morne (fr)
• Italian: tetro (it), cupo (it), disarmante (it)

• Maori: pōkē, pōkēkē, tukumaru
• Norwegian: muggen, utilfreds, trist
• Portuguese: sombrio (pt)
• Russian: печа́льный (ru) (pečálʹnyj)
• Scottish Gaelic: gruamach
• Serbo-Croatian: суморан, sumoran (sh)

sluggish

• Danish: treven
• Dutch: traag (nl)

• French: lent (fr)
• Italian: lento (it) m, pigro (it) m

NounEdit

sullen (plural sullens)

1. (obsolete) One who is solitary, or lives alone; a hermit.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Piers Plowman to this entry?)

2. Sullen feelings or manners; sulks; moroseness.

   to have the sullens

   • 1593, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of King Richard the Second, II. i. 139:

     And let them die that age and sullens have;

AnagramsEdit

• unsell

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Middle DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Dutch skulan, sulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną.

VerbEdit

sullen

1. (auxiliary) must, to have to
2. (auxiliary, negated) may, be allowed to
3. (auxiliary) will, shall, be going to (future tense)
   • 1249, Schepenbrief van Bochoute, Velzeke, eastern Flanders:

     Descepenen van bochouta quedden alle degene die dese lettren sien selen i(n) onsen here.

     The aldermen of Bochoute address all who will see this letter by our lord.

4. (auxiliary, in the past tense) to be about to (inchoative)
5. (modal auxiliary) indicates a possible or hypothetical situation
6. (modal auxiliary) indicates information garnered from a third party that may or may not be reliable

InflectionEdit

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Alternative formsEdit

• suelen
• sēlen, sellen
• sōlen, sollen

DescendantsEdit

• Dutch: zullen
• Limburgish: zölle

Further readingEdit

• “sullen”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• “sullen”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929

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Northern SamiEdit

VerbEdit

sullen

1. first-person singular past indicative of suollit