sa

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sa"

Translingual

Symbol

sa

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Sanskrit.

Abau

Noun

sa

1. woman

References

• transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Acehnese

Acehnese cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa     Ordinal : phôn

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Numeral

sa

1. one

Ainu

Noun

sa (Kana spelling サ)

1. elder sister

   Synonym: nanna

References

• John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎^[3], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 385
• Vovin, Alexander V. (2016) “On the Linguistic Prehistory of Hokkaidō”, in Gruzdeva Ekaterina, Janhunen Juha, editors, Crosslinguistics and Linguistic Crossings in Northeast Asia. Papers on the Languages of Sakhalin and Adjacent Regions (Studia Orientalia; 117), Helsinki, pages 29–38

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *si-a, a combination of two pronominal members, Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂ and *h₂ew-/*h₂en-. Alternatively from Proto-Albanian *tšja or, as per Meyer, from Greek σαν (san, “when, whenever”).

Pronoun

sa

1. how much

Derived terms

• sasi

Ama

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Noun

sa

1. rain

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sʰa/

Numeral

sa (Bengali script সা)

1. one

Synonyms

• rongsa
• wan
• eek

References

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

Bahnar

Etymology

From Proto-Bahnaric *caː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *caʔ (“to eat”); cognate with Halang cha, Koho saa, Semai ca, Pacoh cha, Khmer ស៊ី (si) and Mon စ (cɛˀ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saː/

Verb

sa

1. to eat

Balinese

Romanization

sa

1. Romanization of ᬲ

Banjarese

Banjarese cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

Shortened form of asa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

1. one

Derived terms

• sa-

Catalan

Etymology 1

From Old Catalan sa~san, from Latin sānus, from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [sə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencian) [sa]
• Homophone: ça

Adjective

sa (feminine sana, masculine plural sans, feminine plural sanes)

1. healthy

Derived terms

• sa i estalvi
• sanament
• sanejar

Related terms

• insà
• malsà
• sanitat

Etymology 2

From Latin ipsa.

Article

sa f

1. (Balearic) nominative feminine singular of es

References

• “sa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “sa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “sa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “sa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Chipewyan

Etymology

Compare South Slavey sa

Noun

sa

1. sun
2. watch

Drung

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/p-wa.

Noun

sa

1. tooth

References

Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎^[4], Santa Barbara: University of California

Duriankere

Noun

sa

1. water

Further reading

• Cornelis L. Voorhoeve, Languages of Irian Jaya Checklist (1975, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics)

Duun

Noun

sa

1. fire

Further reading

• Duungooma ABC (alphabet duun), page 26

Eastern Cham

Eastern Cham cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Alternative forms

• ꨧ
• ꩑

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saː/

Numeral

sa

1. one

Estonian

Alternative forms

• Sa (optional capitalization)

Etymology

Short form of sina

Pronoun

sa (genitive su, partitive sind, long form sina)

1. you, thou (in unstressed positions)

   Mis sa teed seal? ― What are you doing there?

Declension

Declension of sa
2nd person	singular		plural
	long	short	long	short
nominative	sina	sa	teie	te
genitive	sinu	su	teie	te
partitive	sind		teid
illative	sinusse	susse		teisse
inessive	sinus	sus		teis
elative	sinust	sust		teist
allative	sinule	sulle		teile
adessive	sinul	sul		teil
ablative	sinult	sult		teilt
translative	sinuks	–	teieks	teiks
terminative	sinuni	–	teieni	–
essive	sinuna	–	teiena	–
abessive	sinuta	–	teieta	–
comitative	sinuga	suga	teiega	–

See also

Estonian personal pronouns

		singular		plural
		long	short	long	short
1st person		mina	ma	meie	me
2nd person	familiar	sina	sa	teie	te
	polite	Teie	Te
3rd person	animate	tema	ta	nemad	nad
	inanimate	see		need

Further reading

• “sa”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
• “sa”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN
• sa in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

Finnish

Etymology

See sinä.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑ
• Syllabification^(key): sa

Pronoun

sa

1. (personal, archaic, poetic) you (singular; in archaic English: thou).

Synonyms

• sinä (standard Finnish)
• sie (dialectal)
• sä (colloquial)
• sää (dialectal)

Further reading

• “sa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[5] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• -as, as

French

Etymology

From Old French sa, from Latin sua feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

• audio

  (file)

Determiner

sa f sg

1. (possessive) his, her, its, their, one's

   Emma est allée chez sa sœur.

   Emma went to her sister's house.

   Pierre a perdu sa carte d’identité.

   Pierre has lost his identity card.

   Sa voiture est blanche.

   Their car is white.

Related terms

			Possessee
			Singular		Plural
			Masculine	Feminine
Possessor	Singular	First person	mon1	ma	mes
		Second person	ton1	ta	tes
		Third person	son1	sa	ses
	Plural	First person	notre		nos
		Second person	votre2		vos2
		Third person	leur		leurs

¹ Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.

² Also used as the polite singular form.

Further reading

• “sa”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Anagrams

• as

Futuna-Aniwa

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *saqa.

Adjective

sa

1. bad
2. ugly

Galician

Etymology

Either from Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, hall”), or from Proto-Germanic *sēaną (“to sow”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa/

Noun

sa f (plural sas)

1. generation, litter
2. sowing season

References

• “sa” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.

Garo

Garo cardinal numbers

	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik. Cognate with Tibetan གཅིག (gcig), Burmese တစ် (tac).

Numeral

sa

1. one

Gothic

Romanization

sa

1. Romanization of 𐍃𐌰

Guaraní

Adjective

sa

1. (cardinal number) one hundred

Derived terms

• saha

 

Hadza

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Verb

sa

1. to rain

Noun

sa

1. the form of sako or its inflections after a determiner

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French ça.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Verb

sa

1. can, to be able to

Determiner

sa

1. this
2. these
   • 2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik‎^[6]:

     Dapre Misey Guaido, 2 peyi sa yo ap defann sèlman enterè biznis yo ak Venezuela.

     According to Mr. Guaido, these two countries are only defending their business interests in Venezuela.

3. that
4. those

Pronoun

sa

1. (demonstrative) this
2. (demonstrative) these
3. (demonstrative) that
4. (demonstrative) those
5. (interrogative) what
6. (relative) what

Derived terms

• kisa

Haroi

Haroi cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

1. one

Hausa

Etymology

Generally thought to be from Proto-Chadic (compare Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa, whence Mbuko slā, Uldeme slà, Bana slá, Muyang ɬà, Moloko ɬa, Zulgo-Gemzek sla, Podoko sla, Daba zlà, Lagwan nsla), but Newman dissents and considers it a possible borrowing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sâː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [sâː]

Noun

sâ m (feminine sānìyā, plural shānū, possessed form sân)

1. bull, ox, cattle

Higaonon

Preposition

sa

1. of

Iban

Affix

sa

1. short form for satu, often pronounced as se-.
2. combine with a verb in nasal form e.g. se +‎ kayoh (kayoh means "paddle") to form a noun sengayoh (a paddle).
3. combine with a verb in nasal form and a prefix pe- e.g. sa +‎ pe +‎ san (san means "a load") to form a noun sapenyan (as much as one can carry) and sa +‎ pe +‎ temu (temu means "opinion") to form sapenemu (as much as one knows).

References

• Richards, Anthony. An Iban-English Dictionary, Volume 1 Clarendon Press. 1981.

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Determiner

sa

1. (archaic) Alternative form of sua.
   • 1909-1910, Progreso – duesma yaro, page 40:

     Segun sa opiniono la max (maxim) importanta neceso por I.L. esas la max granda perfekteso, e ne la amaso di adheranti, [...]

     According to his opionion the most important necessity for an I.L. is the perfection, and not the amount of adherents, [...]

Igbo

Pronunciation

• (inherent tone): IPA^(key): /sá/

Verb

sá

1. to wash, to scrub.

   Ana m asa efere.

   I am washing plates.

Indonesian

Etymology

Clipping of saya.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/
• Hyphenation: sa

Pronoun

sa

1. (Papua) I (first person singular prononun)

Irish

Etymology

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”), from Proto-Celtic *in sindū/sindai (“in the m sg/f sg dative”), *in sindom/sindam (“into the m sg/f sg accusative”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sˠə/

Contraction

sa

1. Contraction of i + an.

   Tá an fear sa bhád. ― The man is in the boat

   Tá na páistí ag súgradh sa tsráid. ― The children are playing in the street.

   Táimid inár suí sa seomra (or) tseomra. ― We are sitting in the room.

Usage notes

This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only; otherwise, san is used. Triggers:

• lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in Ulster varieties,
• lenition of b, c, g, m, p, changes initial s to ts, and triggers eclipsis of f in Munster varieties,
• eclipsis and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns while not affecting s in masculine nouns in Connacht varieties,
• in An Caighdeán Oifigiúil causes lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns (An Córas Lárnach) or all nouns (Córas an tSéimhithe).

Often understood to be a contraction of ins an, but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while ins is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

Related terms

Irish preposition contractions

Basic form	Contracted with							Copular forms
	an (“the sg”)	na (“the pl”)	mo (“my”)	do (“your”)	a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)	ár (“our”)	ar (“which (past)”)	(before consonant)	(present/future before vowel)	(past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”)	den	de na desna*	de mo dem*	de do ded*, det*	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
do (“to, for”)	don	do na dosna*	do mo dom*	do do dod*, dot*	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
faoi (“under, about”)	faoin	faoi na	faoi mo	faoi do	faoina	faoinár	faoinar		faoinarb	faoinarbh
i (“in”)	sa, san	sna	i mo im*	i do id*, it*	ina	inár	inar		inarb	inarbh
le (“with”)	leis an	leis na	le mo lem*	le do led*, let*	lena	lenár	lenar		lenarb	lenarbh
ó (“from, since”)	ón	ó na ósna*	ó mo óm*	ó do ód*, ót*	óna	ónár	ónar		ónarb	ónarbh
trí (“through”)	tríd an	trí na	trí mo	trí do	trína	trínár	trínar		trínarb	trínarbh
*Dialectal.

References

• Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
• McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), chapter I, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gramadach na Gaeilge: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil‎^[7], Seirbhís Thithe an Oireachtais, 2017, pages 8–10, 15–18

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “sa”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Entries containing “sa” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
• Entries containing “sa” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

Italian

Alternative forms

• sà (misspelling)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa‿|| ˈsa/

Verb

sa

1. third-person singular present indicative of sapere

   Giovanni sa dov'è Laura. ― Giovanni knows where Laura is.

References

• sa in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Japanese

Romanization

sa

1. Rōmaji transcription of さ
2. Rōmaji transcription of サ

Jarai

Jarai cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

1. one

Kabyle

Kabyle cardinal numbers

<  6	7	8  >
Cardinal : sa     Arabic loanword : sebɛa

Etymology

From Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Numeral

sa (feminine sat)

1. seven

   Synonym: sebɛa

Kamakan

Alternative forms

• zan (Kamakan)

Noun

sa

1. (Kotoxo) water

References

• Chestmir Loukotka, La família lingüística Kamakan del Brasil
• Márcio Silva Martins Andérbio, Revisão da família lingüística Kamakã proposta por Chestmir Loukotka (thesis, Université de Brasilia, 2007 page 52)

Lhao Vo

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“water; liquid; body fluid”). Cognate with Lashi suid" and Burmese သွေး (swe:).

Noun

sa

1. blood

References

• Dr. Ola Hanson, "A Dictionary of the Kachin Language" (1906).

Ligurian

Verb

sa

1. third-person singular present indicative of savéi

Livonian

Alternative forms

• sinā

Etymology

A shorter form of sinā.

Pronoun

sa

1. you; second person pronoun, referring to the addressee

Declension

Declension of sa

	singular (ikšlug)	plural (pǟgiņlug)
nominative (nominatīv)	sinā sa	tēg teg
genitive (genitīv)	sin	täd
partitive (partitīv)	sīnda	tēḑi
dative (datīv)	sinnõn sin	täddõn tän
instrumental (instrumentāl)	sinkõks	tädkõks
illative (illatīv)	sinnõ sinnõz	tēži
inessive (inesīv)	sinsõ	tēši
elative (elatīv)	sinstõ	tēšti

See also

• minā, ma
• tämā, ta

References

Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN

Louisiana Creole

Etymology

Inherited from French sera (“will be”) or similar (e.g., seras), an inflection of French être (“to be”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/
• Rhymes: -a
• Homophones: ça, sâ

Verb

sa

1. (auxiliary, copulative) will be

Related terms

• çé
• çé té
• dèt

 

Lower Sorbian

Preposition

sa

1. Obsolete spelling of za

Macanese

Alternative forms

• sua

Etymology

Reduced form of sua. Semantically derived from Cantonese 嘅 (ge³, “possessive marker”).

Particle

sa

1. particle appended after pronouns to denote ownership: -'s

   iou-sa filo ― my child

   êle-sa ― his; her; their (sg.)

   ilôtro-sa casa ― their (pl.) house

   uví mai-sa ladínha ― to listen to mother's scolding

Usage notes

• According to native speakers, sa is more commonly used than sua.
• The particle is not inflected for gender.
• Almost always spelt connected using a hyphen in the vast majority of writings, but not mandatory.

Related terms

• su

See also

Macanese personal pronouns (edit)
Person	Singular	Possessive	Plural	Possessive	Reflexive	Possessive
First	iou, io, mi*, ieu*	iou-sa, iou-sua#, minha, io-sa, io-sua#	nôs, nosôtro*	nôs-sa, nôsso, nôs-sua#	onçóm	su, onçóm-sa*, onçóm-sua#
Second	vôs	vôs-sa, vôsso, su, vôs-sua#	vosôtro	vosôtro-sa, su, vosôtro-sua#
Third	êle, êla*	êle-sa, su, êle-sua#	ilôtro, elôtro*, olôtro*, ulôtro*	ilôtro-sa, su, ilôtro-sua#

#: dated.
*: rare.

References

• https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm

Malay

Malay cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Alternative forms

• esa
• ĕsă
• se (se-)
• sĕ (sĕ-)
• să (să-)
• اسا
• س (س-)

Etymology

Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sə/
• Rhymes: -sə, -ə

Numeral

sa

1. (1924-1972) Obsolete spelling of se

Derived terms

• sa- / س-

Maltese

Etymology

Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā (-). Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Preposition

sa

1. until

   Se nħobbok sal-aħħar nifs ta’ ħajti.

   I’ll love you until the last breath of my life.

2. as far as

Derived terms

• sabiex
• sadattant
• safejn
• sakemm
• sissa

 

Mandarin

Romanization

sa (sa⁵／sa⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄙㄚ)

1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠮿

sa

1. Nonstandard spelling of sā.
2. Nonstandard spelling of sǎ.
3. Nonstandard spelling of sà.

Usage notes

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Maranao

Noun

sa

1. tea

References

• A Maranao Dictionary, by Howard P. McKaughan and Batua A. Macaraya

Masalit

Noun

sa

1. water

References

• Timothy Leffel, Focus constructions in Masalit (New York University, 05/31/2011)

Matal

Etymology 1

Likely from Proto-Chadic *sa (“to drink”). Cognate with Mpade se (“to drink”).

Verb

sa

1. to drink

   Kà uwana may azà à gi, kavàw à gi tatak may, nəlay akə̀s à gi, katə̀ɗàw gi iyaw gəsà, gəgà məlok gà, kakə̀sàw gi la ahàl səla. (Mata 25:35)

   For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink (lit: so I drank), I was a stranger and you welcomed me as a guest. (Matthew 25:35)

   Kəla uwabeyuwi uwana asà iyaw aŋa suwa uwanay, nəlay adàkəsay aya (Yuhana 4:13)

   Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again.(John 4:13)

Etymology 2

Likely from Proto-Chadic *(-)sə (“to come”).

Verb

sa

1. to come

   La kità Yuhana asà à waŋ, azùw aw, asà aw, ŋgaha azladza tagòɗ kà: 'Masla la masasəɗok mawisiga.' (Mata 11:18)

   For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, ‘He has a demon!’ (Matthew 11:18)

   La mavakay uwatà Yesu asà à uda la kay, ŋgaha ahàd adzà madzay la gay dərəv kà matapla tatak à azladza. (Matthew 13:1)

   ​On that day Jesus came out of the house and was sitting by the sea. (Matthew 13:1)

   "Sà à waŋ, sà à waŋ", tagòɗ à mamətsay, ama mamətsay ahòy atà à ahàl. (Mafətala 9:6)

   Come here, come here, they said to the death, but the death flew from them (Revelation 9:6)

Minangkabau

Minangkabau cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

1. one

Synonyms

• ciek

Derived terms

• sa-

Northern Roglai

Northern Roglai cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

1. one

Norwegian Bokmål

Verb

sa

1. simple past of si

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

sa

1. past of seia

Ojibwe

Particle

sa

1. emphasis marker

   Mii sa go ozhiitaawaad igo.

   They were getting ready.

References

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/sa-pc-disc

Old French

Etymology

From Latin sua, feminine of suus.

Determiner

sa f (masculine son, plural ses)

1. his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

Descendants

• French: sa

Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *swa.

Conjunction

sā

1. so
2. as
3. or

Old Irish

Determiner

sa

1. Alternative spelling of so

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative forms

• 𑀲 (Brahmi script)
• स (Devanagari script)
• স (Bengali script)
• ස (Sinhalese script)
• သ (Burmese script)
• ส or สะ (Thai script)
• ᩈ (Tai Tham script)
• ສ or ສະ (Lao script)
• ស (Khmer script)
• 𑄥 (Chakma script)

Alternative forms

• so (Latin script)
• 𑀲𑁄 (Brahmi script)
• सो (Devanagari script)
• সো (Bengali script)
• සො (Sinhalese script)
• သော or သေႃ (Burmese script)
• โส (Thai script)
• ᩈᩮᩣ (Tai Tham script)
• ໂສ (Lao script)
• សោ (Khmer script)
• 𑄥𑄮 (Chakma script)

Pronoun

sa

1. he, it

Adjective

sa

1. masculine nominative singular of ta (“that”)

Noun

sa

1. vocative singular of san (“dog”)

Palu'e

Palu'e cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa, *asa.

Numeral

sa

1. one

Papiamentu

Alternative forms

• sabi (synonym)

Etymology

From Portuguese saber and Spanish saber and Kabuverdianu sabe.

Verb

sa

1. to know

Pawaia

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sá/, [sá]

Noun

sa

1. water

References

• Phonological Considerations of Pawaia, in Oceania Linguistic Monographs, issues 14-15 (1971)
• Transnewguinea.org, citing both D. Trefry, A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian (1969) and G. E. MacDonald, The Teberan Language Family, pages 111-121, in The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Area, Papua New Guinea (editor K. J. Franklin) (1973)

Rade

Rade cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral

sa

1. one

Rawang

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑ˧/

Etymology 1

Verb

sa

1. to wait.

Etymology 2

Noun

sa

1. bird; fowl.

Romani

Pronoun

sa

1. all

Romanian

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *sa, from Latin sua, the feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a

Determiner

sa f

1. feminine singular of său: his/her

Pronoun

sa f (possessive pronouns)

1. (preceded by "a") his/hers (that which is his or hers)

Sardinian

Alternative forms

• s' (apocopated, used before vowels)

Etymology

From Latin ipsa (“herself”), feminine of ipse (“himself”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /su/

Article

sa f (plural (Logudorese, Nuorese) sas or (Campidanese) is, masculine su)

1. (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese) the (feminine singular definite article)

References

• Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
• Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “ísse”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

• sa'

Etymology

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).

Preposition

sa

1. in the

   sa bhliadhna de dh'aois Chrìost ― in the year of our Lord, anno domini

Usage notes

• Triggers lenition.
• This form is used before nouns beginning with b, c, g, m or p; otherwise san is used instead.
• Often understood to be a contraction of anns a', but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while anns is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

Related terms

• ann an
• anns

References

• Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
• McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), chapter I, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Serbo-Croatian

Preposition

sa (Cyrillic spelling са)

1. Alternative form of s; used instead of s when the following word or group of words start with sibilants s, z, š or ž and before instrumental form of first-person pronoun ja (mnom).

Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Pronoun

sa

1. replaces the accusative of any personal pronoun whenever the object, whether expressed or implied, is of the same person as the subject. Typically can be translated as the corresponding version of oneself:

   vidím sa v zrkadle ― I see myself in the mirror

   Koho vidíš v zrkadle? Seba. ― Whom do you see in the mirror? Myself.

2. (reflexive) bound with certain verbs, similar to the Italian si. The pronoun is a part of the verb

   modliť sa ― to pray

Usage notes

• In regular sentences, it has to be on the 2nd position of the sentence.

  Modlím sa. ― I am praying.

• In sentences in the past tense, sa moves to the third position while the inflected form of the verb byť takes the 2nd position.

  Modlil som sa. ― I was praying.

• In hypothetical sentences, sa moves to the fourth position of the sentences with the inflected form of byť occupying the 3rd position and the pronoun by taking the 2nd position.

  Modlil by som sa, keby... ― I would pray, if ...

See also

• seba

Further reading

• “sa”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

South Slavey

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̯ʷa. Cognates include Navajo shá and Dogrib sa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sà(ʔ)]
• Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sa (stem -za-)

1. sun
2. month

Declension

Possessive inflection of sa (-zaá)

		singular	plural
1st person		sezaá	naxezaá
2nd person		nezaá
3rd person	1)	—	gizaá
	2)	mezaá	gozaá
4th person		yezaá
reflexive	sp.	ɂedezaá	kedezaá
	unsp.	dezaá
reciprocal		—	ɂełezaá
indefinite		ɂezaá
areal		gozaá
1) Used when the subject is a group of human beings and the object is singular. 2) Used when the previous condition does not apply.

Derived terms

• sadzee

 

References

• Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 215

Southern Ndebele

Verb

-sa^?

1. to take

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Sranan Tongo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Etymology 1

From English shall or borrowed from Dutch zal.

Particle

sa

1. Verbal marker for modal aspect.
2. Verbal marker for the future tense.

   Synonym: o

   • 1975, “Basya Adyuku koni”, in Ursy M. Lichtveld, Jan Voorhoeve, editors, Creole drum. An Anthology of Creole Literature in Surinam‎^[8], New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 86:

     A krabdagu taki: - Angri e kiri mi ba. A di mi si yu e nyan, ne mi kon.
     Adyuku taki: - We san mi e nyan, mi no sabi efu yu sa nyan en. Na kasaba dokun mi tyari. Efu yu sa nyan en, dan mi sa gi yu.

     The crab-eating raccoon said: 'I'm starving, brother. When I saw that you're eating, I came over immediately.
     Adyuku said: 'I say, I don't know whether you'll [want to] eat what I'm eating. I brought cassava duckanoo. If you'll eat it, then I'll give it to you.

   • 1999, Hillary de Bruin, “Liederen uit de praktijk van de duman [Songs from the Winti priest's practice]”, in OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis‎^[9], Instituut ter Bevordering van de Surinamistiek, →ISSN, page 152:

     Blesi sa kon bogobogo, Masra pramis' m'anga yu, Lek'wan alen a sa wiki, Kraf' den di bribi fu tru, Sula fu seigi, wan dei sa was' kon na gron, now wan tu dropu de spiti, ma sibibusi sa kon

     Blessing will come abundantly / the Lord promised to me and you / like a rainshower it will awaken / strengthen those who truly believe / With cataracts of blessing / one day the ground will be awash / now a few droplets are spitting / but torrential rains will come

Etymology 2

From English saw.

Noun

sa

1. A saw (tool with a serrated blade, used for sawing).

Sumerian

Romanization

sa

1. Romanization of 𒊓 (sa)

Swazi

Verb

-sá

1. to dawn

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Swedish

Etymology

Apocopic form of sade

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɑː/
• Rhymes: -ɑː

Verb

sa

1. (somewhat informal) past indicative of säga

Anagrams

• -as, as

Tagalog

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Bikol Central sa, Cebuano sa, Hiligaynon sa, Waray-Waray ha, Tausug ha, and Gorontalo ta.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/, [sɐ]

Preposition

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

1. indirect object marker: to

   Binigay ko na ang lahat sa kaibigan ko. ― I already gave everything to my friend.

2. used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; at; on (not used in a positive equational sentence)

   Sa Pilipinas ako ipinanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.

   Wala siya sa opisina. ― He's not at the office.

3. used to refer towards a location: to; toward

   Pupunta siya sa sinehan mamaya. ― He's going to the movies later.

4. used to refer to accompaniment: with; together with; in company with

   Sumama si Juan sa tatay niya. ― Juan went with his father.

5. used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)

   Sa Lunes kami uuwi. ― We're going home on Monday.

6. used in comparisons: than

   Synonym: kaysa

   Mas mabilis ang eroplano sa kotse mo. ― The airplane is faster than your car.

7. used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of (usually with galing or tubo)

   Tubo siya sa Cebu. ― He is a native from Cebu.

8. a prescribed point in time when something occurred: upon; on; at the time of

   Sa pagpasok niya sa bahay, tumunog ang telepono. ― Upon his entrance to the house, the telephone rang.

9. used to refer to the cause: due to; from; of

   Namatay sila sa gutom. ― They died of hunger.

10. used to refer to the basis: on the basis of; on

    Lumabas ang estudyante sa pahintulot ng guro. ― The student went out based on the permission from the teacher.

11. used to refer to one's dependence on or use of: on; through the use of

    Nabuhay sila sa tubig at tinapay lamang. ― They lived only on water and bread.

12. used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases

    sa pamamagitan ng ― by means of

    mula sa ― from

Usage notes

• This is not used with names of people or other living beings, where kay or kina is used instead.
• For positive equational sentences, to refer to a location of something, nasa, na kay, or na kina is used instead.

Derived terms

• ayon sa
• kaysa
• laban sa
• nasa
• para sa
• sa aba ko
• sa aba mo
• sa bagay
• sa kabila ng
• sa kabilang banda
• sa kabutihang palad
• sa kasamaang palad
• sa katunayan
• sa madaling sabi
• sa madaling salita
• sa may
• sa una
• sa wakas

 

See also

Tagalog markers

		Direct (ang)	Indirect (ng)	Oblique (sa)
Common	Singular	ang	ng	sa
	Plural	ang mga	ng mga	sa mga
Personal	Singular	si	ni	kay
	Plural / Polite	sina	nina	kina

• sa-

Etymology 2

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜐ (sa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/, [sɐ]

Noun

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Abakada alphabet.

   Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) es, (in the Abecedario) ese

See also

• sasa

 

Etymology 3

See tsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsa/, [ˈsa]

Noun

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

1. Obsolete form of tsa.

Further reading

• “sa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Talysh

Etymology

Cognate with Persian صد (sad).

Numeral

sa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Tausug

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq.

Noun

sā

1. fault, mistake

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Common Bantu *-ca (“empty”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Adjective

-sa (declinable)

1. (rare) empty, bare

   Near-synonym: -onka

   bigere bisa ― barefoot

Declension

Inflected forms of -sa

Noun class	indefinite		definite
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1/2	musa	basa	omusa	abasa
3/4	musa	misa	omusa	emisa
5/6	lisa	masa	erisa	amasa
7/8	kisa	bisa	ekisa	ebisa
9/10	nsa	nsa	ensa	ensa
11/10	rusa		orusa
12/14	kasa	busa	akasa	obusa
13		tusa		otusa
14/6	busa	masa	obusa	amasa
15/6	kusa		okusa
16	hasa		ahasa

Derived terms

• busa (“naked; nothing”)

References

1. Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[10], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 349
2. Rubongoya, L. T. (2013) Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro-Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro-Rutooro dictionary]‎^[11], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 352
3. Entry 9239 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

Tunica

Noun

sa

1. dog

Turkish

Phrase

sa

1. (Internet) Initialism of selamünaleyküm.

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [saː˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ʂaː˧˧] ~ [saː˧˧]

Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紗.

Noun

sa

1. (medicine equipment) gauze

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• sà

Verb

sa

1. to fall (especially from the sky); to drop down; to prolapse

Welsh

Verb

sa (not mutable)

1. (South Wales) first-person singular present negative colloquial of bod

   Sa i’n gwybod.

   I don’t know.

2. (colloquial) Contraction of basai.

Usage notes

Unlike other negative verb forms, the present negative form—and so, which is used for all other persons—is not complemented by ddim after the subject.

West Frisian

Conjunction

sa

1. so

Further reading

• “sa (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

West Makian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s̪a/

Verb

sa

1. (stative) to be bad
2. (stative) to be rotten

Conjugation

Conjugation of sa (stative verb)
		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		tisa	misa	asa
2nd person		nisa	fisa
3rd person	inanimate	isa	disa
	animate	masa
imperative		—, sa	—, sa

References

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[12], Pacific linguistics

Western Cham

Western Cham cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sa

Etymology

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sa/

Numeral

sa

1. one

Xaragure

Etymology

Compare Drehu xe (“smack”).

Verb

sa

1. hit

References

• Claire Moyse-Faurie, Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages, in Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations

Xhosa

Etymology 1

Verb

-sa^?

1. to take

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sâː]

Ideophone

sâ

1. Signifies scattering.

Yámana

Pronoun

sa

1. you

Zhuang

Pronunciation

• (Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /θa˨˦/
• Tone numbers: sa¹
• Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sa (Sawndip form 砟, 1957–1982 spelling sa)

1. sand

Adjective

sa (1957–1982 spelling sa)

1. sandy

Zou

Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *saa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sà/
• Hyphenation: sa

Adjective

sa

1. hot

Etymology 2

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *shaa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sǎ/
• Hyphenation: sa

Noun

sá

1. meat
2. animal

Derived terms

• ahsa
• bongsa
• savun
• vasa
• voksa

 

Etymology 3

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshaʔ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sâ/
• Hyphenation: sa

Adjective

sà

1. dense, thick

References

• Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 62

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *-kéa.

Verb

-sá

1. (intransitive) to dawn

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukusa
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukusa	ukungasi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	yisa	-se
Plural	yisani	-seni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyasa, ngisa	engisayo, engisa	ngisa	angisi	engingasi	ngingasi
2nd singular	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
1st plural	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
2nd plural	niyasa, nisa	enisayo, enisa	nisa	anisi	eningasi	ningasi
Class 1	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	esa	akasi	ongasi	engasi
Class 2	bayasa, basa	abasayo, abasa	besa	abasi	abangasi	bengasi
Class 3	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
Class 4	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 5	liyasa, lisa	elisayo, elisa	lisa	alisi	elingasi	lingasi
Class 6	ayasa, asa	asayo, asa	esa	awasi	angasi	engasi
Class 7	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
Class 8	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 9	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 10	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 11	luyasa, lusa	olusayo, olusa	lusa	alusi	olungasi	lungasi
Class 14	buyasa, busa	obusayo, obusa	busa	abusi	obungasi	bungasi
Class 15	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
Class 17	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngisile, ngisē	engisile, engisē	ngisile, ngisē	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nisile, nisē	enisile, enisē	nisile, nisē	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	usile, usē	osile, osē	esile, esē	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	basile, basē	abasile, abasē	besile, besē	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lisile, lisē	elisile, elisē	lisile, lisē	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	asile, asē	asile, asē	esile, esē	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lusile, lusē	olusile, olusē	lusile, lusē	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	busile, busē	obusile, obusē	busile, busē	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāsa	engāsa	ngāsa	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nāsa	enāsa	nāsa	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	wāsa	owāsa	āsa	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	bāsa	abāsa	bāsa	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lāsa	elāsa	lāsa	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	āsa	āsa	āsa	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lwāsa	olwāsa	lwāsa	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	bāsa	obāsa	bāsa	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingasa	—	ngingasa	ngingese	—	ngingese
2nd singular	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
1st plural	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
2nd plural	ningasa	—	ningasa	ningese	—	ningese
Class 1	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 2	bangasa	—	bengasa	bangese	—	bengese
Class 3	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
Class 4	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 5	lingasa	—	lingasa	lingese	—	lingese
Class 6	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 7	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
Class 8	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 9	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 10	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 11	lungasa	—	lungasa	lungese	—	lungese
Class 14	bungasa	—	bungasa	bungese	—	bungese
Class 15	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
Class 17	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokusa	engizokusa	ngizokusa	angizukusa	engingezukusa	ngingezukusa
2nd singular	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
1st plural	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
2nd plural	nizokusa	enizokusa	nizokusa	anizukusa	eningezukusa	ningezukusa
Class 1	uzokusa	ozokusa	ezokusa	akazukusa	ongezukusa	engezukusa
Class 2	bazokusa	abazokusa	bezokusa	abazukusa	abangezukusa	bengezukusa
Class 3	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
Class 4	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 5	lizokusa	elizokusa	lizokusa	alizukusa	elingezukusa	lingezukusa
Class 6	azokusa	azokusa	ezokusa	awazukusa	angezukusa	engezukusa
Class 7	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
Class 8	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 9	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 10	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 11	luzokusa	oluzokusa	luzokusa	aluzukusa	olungezukusa	lungezukusa
Class 14	buzokusa	obuzokusa	buzokusa	abuzukusa	obungezukusa	bungezukusa
Class 15	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
Class 17	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokusa	engiyokusa	ngiyokusa	angiyukusa	engingeyukusa	ngingeyukusa
2nd singular	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
1st plural	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
2nd plural	niyokusa	eniyokusa	niyokusa	aniyukusa	eningeyukusa	ningeyukusa
Class 1	uyokusa	oyokusa	eyokusa	akayukusa	ongeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 2	bayokusa	abayokusa	beyokusa	abayukusa	abangeyukusa	bengeyukusa
Class 3	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
Class 4	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 5	liyokusa	eliyokusa	liyokusa	aliyukusa	elingeyukusa	lingeyukusa
Class 6	ayokusa	ayokusa	eyokusa	awayukusa	angeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 7	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
Class 8	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 9	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 10	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 11	luyokusa	oluyokusa	luyokusa	aluyukusa	olungeyukusa	lungeyukusa
Class 14	buyokusa	obuyokusa	buyokusa	abuyukusa	obungeyukusa	bungeyukusa
Class 15	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
Class 17	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngise	ngingasi
2nd singular	use	ungasi
1st plural	sise	singasi
2nd plural	nise	ningasi
Class 1	ase	angasi
Class 2	base	bangasi
Class 3	use	ungasi
Class 4	ise	ingasi
Class 5	lise	lingasi
Class 6	ase	angasi
Class 7	sise	singasi
Class 8	zise	zingasi
Class 9	ise	ingasi
Class 10	zise	zingasi
Class 11	luse	lungasi
Class 14	buse	bungasi
Class 15	kuse	kungasi
Class 17	kuse	kungasi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngasa	ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural	nasa	nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1	wasa	wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5	lasa	langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6	asa	angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11	lwasa	lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

Etymology 2

Clipping of -yisa.

Verb

-sa

1. (transitive) to take to
2. (transitive) to convey, to send, to transfer

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukusa
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukusa	ukungasi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	yisa	-se
Plural	yisani	-seni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyasa, ngisa	engisayo, engisa	ngisa	angisi	engingasi	ngingasi
2nd singular	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
1st plural	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
2nd plural	niyasa, nisa	enisayo, enisa	nisa	anisi	eningasi	ningasi
Class 1	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	esa	akasi	ongasi	engasi
Class 2	bayasa, basa	abasayo, abasa	besa	abasi	abangasi	bengasi
Class 3	uyasa, usa	osayo, osa	usa	awusi	ongasi	ungasi
Class 4	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 5	liyasa, lisa	elisayo, elisa	lisa	alisi	elingasi	lingasi
Class 6	ayasa, asa	asayo, asa	esa	awasi	angasi	engasi
Class 7	siyasa, sisa	esisayo, esisa	sisa	asisi	esingasi	singasi
Class 8	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 9	iyasa, isa	esayo, esa	isa	ayisi	engasi	ingasi
Class 10	ziyasa, zisa	ezisayo, ezisa	zisa	azisi	ezingasi	zingasi
Class 11	luyasa, lusa	olusayo, olusa	lusa	alusi	olungasi	lungasi
Class 14	buyasa, busa	obusayo, obusa	busa	abusi	obungasi	bungasi
Class 15	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
Class 17	kuyasa, kusa	okusayo, okusa	kusa	akusi	okungasi	kungasi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngisile, ngisē	engisile, engisē	ngisile, ngisē	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nisile, nisē	enisile, enisē	nisile, nisē	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	usile, usē	osile, osē	esile, esē	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	basile, basē	abasile, abasē	besile, besē	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	usile, usē	osile, osē	usile, usē	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lisile, lisē	elisile, elisē	lisile, lisē	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	asile, asē	asile, asē	esile, esē	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sisile, sisē	esisile, esisē	sisile, sisē	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	isile, isē	esile, esē	isile, isē	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zisile, zisē	ezisile, ezisē	zisile, zisē	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lusile, lusē	olusile, olusē	lusile, lusē	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	busile, busē	obusile, obusē	busile, busē	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kusile, kusē	okusile, okusē	kusile, kusē	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāsa	engāsa	ngāsa	angisanga	engingasanga	ngingasanga
2nd singular	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
1st plural	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
2nd plural	nāsa	enāsa	nāsa	anisanga	eningasanga	ningasanga
Class 1	wāsa	owāsa	āsa	akasanga	ongasanga	engasanga
Class 2	bāsa	abāsa	bāsa	abasanga	abangasanga	bengasanga
Class 3	wāsa	owāsa	wāsa	awusanga	ongasanga	ungasanga
Class 4	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 5	lāsa	elāsa	lāsa	alisanga	elingasanga	lingasanga
Class 6	āsa	āsa	āsa	awasanga	angasanga	engasanga
Class 7	sāsa	esāsa	sāsa	asisanga	esingasanga	singasanga
Class 8	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 9	yāsa	eyāsa	yāsa	ayisanga	engasanga	ingasanga
Class 10	zāsa	ezāsa	zāsa	azisanga	ezingasanga	zingasanga
Class 11	lwāsa	olwāsa	lwāsa	alusanga	olungasanga	lungasanga
Class 14	bāsa	obāsa	bāsa	abusanga	obungasanga	bungasanga
Class 15	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
Class 17	kwāsa	okwāsa	kwāsa	akusanga	okungasanga	kungasanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingasa	—	ngingasa	ngingese	—	ngingese
2nd singular	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
1st plural	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
2nd plural	ningasa	—	ningasa	ningese	—	ningese
Class 1	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 2	bangasa	—	bengasa	bangese	—	bengese
Class 3	ungasa	—	ungasa	ungese	—	ungese
Class 4	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 5	lingasa	—	lingasa	lingese	—	lingese
Class 6	angasa	—	engasa	angese	—	engese
Class 7	singasa	—	singasa	singese	—	singese
Class 8	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 9	ingasa	—	ingasa	ingese	—	ingese
Class 10	zingasa	—	zingasa	zingese	—	zingese
Class 11	lungasa	—	lungasa	lungese	—	lungese
Class 14	bungasa	—	bungasa	bungese	—	bungese
Class 15	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
Class 17	kungasa	—	kungasa	kungese	—	kungese
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokusa	engizokusa	ngizokusa	angizukusa	engingezukusa	ngingezukusa
2nd singular	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
1st plural	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
2nd plural	nizokusa	enizokusa	nizokusa	anizukusa	eningezukusa	ningezukusa
Class 1	uzokusa	ozokusa	ezokusa	akazukusa	ongezukusa	engezukusa
Class 2	bazokusa	abazokusa	bezokusa	abazukusa	abangezukusa	bengezukusa
Class 3	uzokusa	ozokusa	uzokusa	awuzukusa	ongezukusa	ungezukusa
Class 4	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 5	lizokusa	elizokusa	lizokusa	alizukusa	elingezukusa	lingezukusa
Class 6	azokusa	azokusa	ezokusa	awazukusa	angezukusa	engezukusa
Class 7	sizokusa	esizokusa	sizokusa	asizukusa	esingezukusa	singezukusa
Class 8	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 9	izokusa	ezokusa	izokusa	ayizukusa	engezukusa	ingezukusa
Class 10	zizokusa	ezizokusa	zizokusa	azizukusa	ezingezukusa	zingezukusa
Class 11	luzokusa	oluzokusa	luzokusa	aluzukusa	olungezukusa	lungezukusa
Class 14	buzokusa	obuzokusa	buzokusa	abuzukusa	obungezukusa	bungezukusa
Class 15	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
Class 17	kuzokusa	okuzokusa	kuzokusa	akuzukusa	okungezukusa	kungezukusa
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokusa	engiyokusa	ngiyokusa	angiyukusa	engingeyukusa	ngingeyukusa
2nd singular	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
1st plural	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
2nd plural	niyokusa	eniyokusa	niyokusa	aniyukusa	eningeyukusa	ningeyukusa
Class 1	uyokusa	oyokusa	eyokusa	akayukusa	ongeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 2	bayokusa	abayokusa	beyokusa	abayukusa	abangeyukusa	bengeyukusa
Class 3	uyokusa	oyokusa	uyokusa	awuyukusa	ongeyukusa	ungeyukusa
Class 4	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 5	liyokusa	eliyokusa	liyokusa	aliyukusa	elingeyukusa	lingeyukusa
Class 6	ayokusa	ayokusa	eyokusa	awayukusa	angeyukusa	engeyukusa
Class 7	siyokusa	esiyokusa	siyokusa	asiyukusa	esingeyukusa	singeyukusa
Class 8	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 9	iyokusa	eyokusa	iyokusa	ayiyukusa	engeyukusa	ingeyukusa
Class 10	ziyokusa	eziyokusa	ziyokusa	aziyukusa	ezingeyukusa	zingeyukusa
Class 11	luyokusa	oluyokusa	luyokusa	aluyukusa	olungeyukusa	lungeyukusa
Class 14	buyokusa	obuyokusa	buyokusa	abuyukusa	obungeyukusa	bungeyukusa
Class 15	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
Class 17	kuyokusa	okuyokusa	kuyokusa	akuyukusa	okungeyukusa	kungeyukusa
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngise	ngingasi
2nd singular	use	ungasi
1st plural	sise	singasi
2nd plural	nise	ningasi
Class 1	ase	angasi
Class 2	base	bangasi
Class 3	use	ungasi
Class 4	ise	ingasi
Class 5	lise	lingasi
Class 6	ase	angasi
Class 7	sise	singasi
Class 8	zise	zingasi
Class 9	ise	ingasi
Class 10	zise	zingasi
Class 11	luse	lungasi
Class 14	buse	bungasi
Class 15	kuse	kungasi
Class 17	kuse	kungasi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngasa	ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural	nasa	nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1	wasa	wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3	wasa	wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5	lasa	langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6	asa	angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7	sasa	sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9	yasa	yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10	zasa	zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11	lwasa	lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14	basa	bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17	kwasa	kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”
• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sa”