東胡

Chinese

		east	barbarian
trad. (東胡)		東	胡
simp. (东胡)		东	胡

Etymology

Likely unrelated to Russian тунгус (tungus) and English Tungus. According to Pulleybank (1983), the similarity in the pronunciation of 東胡／东胡 (Dōnghú) and Tungus is coincidental, and the Donghu people were proto-Mongols that were not Tungusic in language.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Dōnghú

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dung¹ wu⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Dōnghú
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Donghú
    • Wade–Giles: Tung¹-hu²
    • Yale: Dūng-hú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Donghwu
    • Palladius: Дунху (Dunxu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵ xu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: dung¹ wu⁴
    • Yale: dūng wùh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dung¹ wu⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: dung¹ wu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵ wuː²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: tuwng hu

Rime
Character	東	胡
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	德紅切	戸吳切
Baxter	tuwng	hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuŋ/	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/tuŋ/	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/tuŋ/	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/təwŋ/	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/tuŋ/	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/tuŋ/	/ɣu/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuŋ/	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng	hú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung1	wu4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ  [ɡ]ˤa/

  (Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ  ɡaː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	東	胡
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dōng	hú
Middle Chinese	‹ tuwng ›	‹ hu ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁoŋ/ (< *tˁoŋʔ ?)	/*[ɡ]ˁa/
English	east	foreigners in the north
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	東	胡
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2435	4255
Phonetic component	東	古
Rime group	東	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	東	胡
Old Chinese	/*toːŋ/	/*ɡaː/
Notes	種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽， 參敕字陳字注

Proper noun

東胡

1. Donghu (a historical tribal confederation of nomadic people that inhabited present-day northern Hebei, southeastern Inner Mongolia and western Northeast China)

   • 自常山以至代、上黨，東有燕、東胡之境，西有樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無騎射之備。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     自常山以至代、上党，东有燕、东胡之境，西有楼烦、秦、韩之边，而无骑射之备。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE

     Zì Chángshān yǐzhì Dài, Shàngdǎng, dōng yǒu Yān, Dōnghú zhī jìng, xī yǒu Lóufán, Qín, Hán zhī biān, ér wú qíshè zhī bèi. [Pinyin]

     From Mount Chang to Dai and Shangdang, our lands border Yan and the Donghu in the east, and to the west we have the Loufan and shared borders with Qin and Han. Nevertheless, we have no mounted archers ready for action.