Wiktionary

露

露 U+9732, 露
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9732
← 霱
[U+9731] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 霳 →
[U+9733]
露 U+F938, 露
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F938
← 路
[U+F937] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 魯 →
[U+F939]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

露 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+12, 21 strokes, cangjie input 一月口一口 (MBRMR), four-corner 10164, composition ⿱⻗路)

Derived characters edit

See also edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1378, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42463
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1887, character 38
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4078, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+9732

Chinese edit

trad. 露
simp. # 露

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 露
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
   
Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
髂 *kʰraːɡs
路 *ɡ·raːɡs
輅 *ɡ·raːɡs
賂 *ɡ·raːɡs
虂 *ɡ·raːɡs
露 *ɡ·raːɡs
潞 *raːɡs
鷺 *raːɡs
璐 *raːɡs
簬 *raːɡs
簵 *ɡ·raːɡs
洛 *ɡ·raːɡ
駱 *ɡ·raːɡ
絡 *ɡ·raːɡ
酪 *ɡ·raːɡ
烙 *ɡ·raːɡ
雒 *ɡ·raːɡ
珞 *ɡ·raːɡ
硌 *ɡ·raːɡ
袼 *ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿 *ɡ·raːɡ
鉻 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥 *ɡ·raːɡ
鵅 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落 *ɡ·raːɡ
各 *klaːɡ
胳 *klaːɡ
閣 *klaːɡ
格 *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱 *klaːɡ
恪 *kʰlaːɡ
愙 *kʰaːɡ
貉 *ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢 *ɡlaːɡ
佫 *ɡlaːɡ
略 *ɡ·raɡ
茖 *kraːɡ
骼 *kraːɡ
觡 *kraːɡ
蛒 *kraːɡ
敋 *kraːɡ
客 *kʰraːɡ
喀 *kʰraːɡ
揢 *kʰraːɡ
額 *ŋɡraːɡ
峉 *ŋɡraːɡ
頟 *ŋɡraːɡ
詻 *ŋɡraːɡ
垎 *ɡraːɡ
楁 *ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡs) : semantic 雨 + phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs).

Etymology 1 edit

Possibly a derivative of 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007) with exopassivising suffix *-s, literally, "what has been dropped".

Pronunciation edit

Rime
Character 露
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛故切
Baxter luH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/luoH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/luoH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/loH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɔH/
Li
Rong 		/loH/
Wang
Li 		/luH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/luoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lou6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 露
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ luH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*p.rˁak-s/
English dew; disclose

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 露
Reading # 1/1
No. 3860
Phonetic
component 		各
Rime
group 		暮
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		路
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡ·raːɡs/

Definitions edit

露

  1. dew
  2. (Northern Min) fog; mist
  3. (literary, or in compounds) fruity beverage; syrup; nectar; juice
  4. (literary, or in compounds) cosmetic products made by distilling flowers, fruit or leaves
  5. a surname
Synonyms edit
  • (dew):
Dialectal synonyms of 露水 (“dew”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 露, 露水
Mandarin Beijing 露水
Taiwan 露水
Tianjin 露濕
Chengde 露水
Tangshan 露水, 露
Cangzhou 露濕
Baoding 露水
Shijiazhuang 露水兒
Chifeng 露水
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 露水
Heihe 露水, 露
Qiqihar 露水
Harbin 露水, 露
Jiamusi 露水, 露
Baicheng 露水
Changchun 露水
Tonghua 露水
Shenyang 露水, 露
Dandong 露水, 露
Jinzhou 露水, 露
Dalian 露水
Yantai 露水, 露
Yantai (Muping) 露水, 露
Qingdao 露水, 露
Lijin 露水, 露
Zhucheng 露水
Jinan 露水
Jining 露水
Luoyang 露水
Wanrong 露水
Shangqiu 露水
Yuanyang 露水, 露
Zhengzhou 露水
Lingbao 露水
Xinyang 露水
Baihe 露水
Hanzhong 露水, 露
Xi'an 露水
Baoji 露水, 露
Yinchuan 露水
Tianshui 露水
Lanzhou 露水
Dunhuang 露水
Xining 露水
Hami 露水
Ürümqi 露水
Wuhan 露水, 露
Yichang 露水
Xiangyang 露水
Tianmen 露水, 露
Hong'an 露水
Chengdu 露水, 露, 露泊
Nanchong 露水
Dazhou 露水
Hanyuan 露水, 露
Xichang 露水, 露
Zigong 露水
Chongqing 露水
Guiyang 露水
Zunyi 露水
Bijie 露水
Liping 露水
Zhaotong 露水, 露
Dali 露水
Kunming 露水, 露
Mengzi 露
Guilin 露水
Liuzhou 露水
Jishou 露水
Changde 露水
Anqing 露水
Xuzhou 露水
Fuyang 露水
Wuhu 露水
Yangzhou 露水, 露
Lianyungang 露水
Lianshui 露水
Nanjing 露水
Hefei 露水
Nantong 露水
Singapore 露
Cantonese Guangzhou 露水, 霧水
Hong Kong 露水
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 露水
Macau 露水
Guangzhou (Panyu) 霧水
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 露水
Guangzhou (Conghua) 霧水
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 霧水
Foshan 霧水
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 霧水
Foshan (Shunde) 露水
Foshan (Sanshui) 霧水
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 露水
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 露水
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 露水
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 霧水
Zhuhai (Doumen) 露水
Jiangmen (Baisha) 霧水
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 霧水
Taishan 霧水
Kaiping (Chikan) 霧水
Enping (Niujiang) 霧水
Heshan (Yayao) 露水
Dongguan 霧水
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 露霧
Yangjiang 霧水
Gan Nanchang 露水
Lichuan 露水
Pingxiang 露水
Hakka Meixian 露水
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 露水
Dongguan (Qingxi) 露水
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 露水
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 露水
Conghua (Lütian) 露水
Yudu 露水, 露
Huizhou Jixi 露水
Shexian 露水
Jin Taiyuan 露水
Yangyuan 露水, 露
Datong 露水
Xinzhou 露水
Lishi 露水
Linfen 露水
Changzhi 露水
Linhe 露水, 露
Jining 露水
Hohhot 露水, 露
Erenhot 露水
Pingshan 露水
Zhangjiakou 露水
Handan 露水
Linzhou 露水
Suide 露水
Northern Min Jian'ou 露水
Eastern Min Fuzhou 露, 露水
Southern Min Xiamen 露水
Taipei 露水
New Taipei (Tamsui) 露水
New Taipei (Sanxia) 露水
New Taipei (Pingxi) 露水
Kaohsiung 露水
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 露水
Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 露水
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 露水
Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 露水
Yilan 露水
Yilan (Toucheng) 露水
Changhua (Lukang) 露水
Taichung 露水
Tainan 露水
Tainan (Anping) 露水
Hsinchu 露水
Kinmen 露水
Penghu (Magong) 露水
Penghu (Xiyu) 露水
Chaozhou 露水
Leizhou 麻露
Wenchang 毛露
Haikou 毛露, 毛露水
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 霧水
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 霧露水
Wu Shanghai 露水
Shanghai (Chongming) 露水
Suzhou 露水
Danyang 露水, 味水
Hangzhou 露水
Ningbo 露水
Wenzhou 露水
Jinhua 露水
Xiang Changsha 露水
Loudi 露水
Shuangfeng 露水
  • (fog):
Dialectal synonyms of 霧 (“fog”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 霧, 霧氣, 霧靄
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 霧, 霧氣
Mandarin Beijing 霧
Taiwan 霧
Harbin 霧
Yantai (Muping) 霧, 霧露
Jinan 霧
Luoyang 霧
Wanrong 霧
Xi'an 霧, 霧氣
Yinchuan 霧
Lanzhou 霧, 霧氣
Xining 霧, 霧氣
Ürümqi 霧
Wuhan 霧
Chengdu 霧, 霧罩, 霧氣
Guiyang 霧罩, 雲霧
Guilin 霧
Liuzhou 霧, 霧水
Xuzhou 霧
Yangzhou 霧
Nanjing 霧
Hefei 霧
Cantonese Guangzhou 霧
Hong Kong 霧
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 霧
Macau 霧
Guangzhou (Panyu) 霧
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 霧
Guangzhou (Conghua) 霧
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 霧, 大頭霧
Foshan 霧
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 霧
Foshan (Shunde) 霧
Foshan (Sanshui) 霧
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 霧
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 霧
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 霧
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 霧
Zhuhai (Doumen) 霧
Jiangmen (Baisha) 霧
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 霧
Taishan 霧
Kaiping (Chikan) 霧
Enping (Niujiang) 霧
Heshan (Yayao) 霧
Dongguan 霧, 霧水
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 霞霧
Yangjiang 霧
Danzhou 霧露
Gan Nanchang 霧
Lichuan 濛, 霧
Pingxiang 霧露, 霧
Hakka Meixian 霧, 濛沙
Xingning 濛沙
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 霧
Huidong (Daling) 霧, 濛霧
Dongguan (Qingxi) 濛霞
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 濛露
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 霧
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 濛沙
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 沙霧
Conghua (Lütian) 露
Changting 濛沙
Wuping 濛沙
Wuping (Pingyu) 濛沙
Liancheng 濛沙
Ninghua 露
Yudu 霧露
Ruijin 濛沙
Shicheng 濛
Shangyou (Shexi) 濛露
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 濛沙煙
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 濛沙煙
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 濛煙
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 濛沙煙, 濛煙
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 濛沙煙, 濛煙
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 濛
Huizhou Jixi 霧
Jin Taiyuan 霧
Xinzhou 霧
Northern Min Jian'ou 露
Eastern Min Fuzhou 雺
Southern Min Xiamen 霧, 雺
New Taipei (Sanxia) 雺霧
Kaohsiung 霧
Yilan 霧
Changhua (Lukang) 霧
Taichung 霧, 雺
Tainan 霧
Hsinchu 霧
Kinmen 霧
Penghu (Magong) 霧
Manila (Hokkien) 霧
Chaozhou 霧
Leizhou 霧
Wenchang 霧
Haikou 霧
Central Min Yanping (Wangtai) 霧
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 霧
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 罩子
Wu Shanghai 霧, 霧露, 迷霧
Shanghai (Chongming) 迷露
Suzhou 迷露
Danyang 霧
Hangzhou 霧露
Ningbo 霧露
Wenzhou 幔, 幔露
Jinhua 霧
Jinhua (Tangxi) 霧露
Xiang Changsha 霧, 罩子, 罩
Loudi 霧, 罩子 thick
Shuangfeng 霧, 霧罩, 霧罩子

Etymology 2 edit

Karlgren (1957) considers this to be the same word as etymology 1, yet Schuessler (2007) thinks this may be a separate etymon, comparing it to Jingpho [script needed] (kra31, “to appear, to show”).

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • lòu - vernacular;
  • lù - literary.
Note:
  • lou6 - literary;
  • lau6 - vernacular.
Rime
Character 露
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛故切
Baxter luH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/luoH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/luoH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/loH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɔH/
Li
Rong 		/loH/
Wang
Li 		/luH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/luoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lou6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 露
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ luH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*p.rˁak-s/
English dew; disclose

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 露
Reading # 1/1
No. 3860
Phonetic
component 		各
Rime
group 		暮
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		路
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡ·raːɡs/

Definitions edit

露

  1. to be in the open; bare; open; exposed
  2. (colloquial) to show; to reveal; to expose
Synonyms edit

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

露

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
露
つゆ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
 
露 (tsuyu): a droplet of dew on a leaf.
 
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

⟨tuyu⟩ → /t͡suju/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

露(つゆ) • (tsuyu) 

  1. dew, dewdrop
    • 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 1, page 30:
      [3]
      露　三禮義宗云：「白露八月節、寒露九月節。」音路。白虎通云：「甘露美露也。降則物無不美盛矣。」［和名：豆由］
      Dew - according to Mitsumata no Yoshimune: the hakuro is a solar term in the eighth lunar month, the kanro the ninth. The syllable has the same sound as 路 (ro). The Bai Hu Tong reads: amrita (sweet dew) is a beautiful dew. After descending, there are none that are not beautiful or abundant. (Japanese name: tsuyu)
  2. (by extension) a drop or drops of something
  3. transience
  4. (historical) the threads of the sleeve ends of 狩衣 (kariginu), 水干 (suikan), etc.
  5. tears
  6. a gratuity, tip
  7. (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 豆板銀 (mameitagin) a lump of silver used as currency in the Edo period
Derived terms edit
Derived terms

Adverb edit

露(つゆ) • (tsuyu) 

  1. not one bit
  2. a few, a little
Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
露
あらわ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
顕

⟨arapa⟩ → /araɸa/ → /arawa/

From Old Japanese.

Cognate with prefix 粗 (ara-, “crude, raw”).

Pronunciation edit

Adjective edit

露(あらわ) • (arawa) ←あらは (arafa)?-na (adnominal 露(あらわ)な (arawa na), adverbial 露(あらわ)に (arawa ni))

  1. naked, bare
    不(ふ)満(まん)をあらわにする
    fuman o arawa ni suru
    to expose/lay bare one's discontent
  2. blatant, frank, open
  3. made public
  4. obvious
Inflection edit
Inflection of 露
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 露だろ あらわだろ arawa daro
Continuative (連用形) 露で あらわで arawa de
Terminal (終止形) 露だ あらわだ arawa da
Attributive (連体形) 露な あらわな arawa na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 露なら あらわなら arawa nara
Imperative (命令形) 露であれ あらわであれ arawa de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 露ではない
露じゃない 		あらわではない
あらわじゃない 		arawa de wa nai
arawa ja nai
Informal past 露だった あらわだった arawa datta
Informal negative past 露ではなかった
露じゃなかった 		あらわではなかった
あらわじゃなかった 		arawa de wa nakatta
arawa ja nakatta
Formal 露です あらわです arawa desu
Formal negative 露ではありません
露じゃありません 		あらわではありません
あらわじゃありません 		arawa de wa arimasen
arawa ja arimasen
Formal past 露でした あらわでした arawa deshita
Formal negative past 露ではありませんでした
露じゃありませんでした 		あらわではありませんでした
あらわじゃありませんでした 		arawa de wa arimasen deshita
arawa ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 露で あらわで arawa de
Conditional 露なら（ば） あらわなら（ば） arawa nara (ba)
Provisional 露だったら あらわだったら arawa dattara
Volitional 露だろう あらわだろう arawa darō
Adverbial 露に あらわに arawa ni
Degree 露さ あらわさ arawasa
Classical conjugation of "露なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 露なら あらはなら arafanara
Continuative (連用形) 露に[1]
露なり[2]		 あらはに
あらはなり		 arafani
arafanari
Terminal (終止形) 露なり あらはなり arafanari
Attributive (連体形) 露なる あらはなる arafanaru
Realis (已然形) 露なれ あらはなれ arafanare
Imperative (命令形) 露なれ あらはなれ arafanare
Key constructions
Negative 露ならず あらはならず arafanarazu
Contrasting conjunction 露なれど あらはなれど arafanaredo
Causal conjunction 露なれば あらはなれば arafanareba
Conditional conjunction 露ならば あらはならば arafanaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 露なりき あらはなりき arafanariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 露なりけり あらはなりけり arafanarikeri
Adverbial 露に あらはに arafani
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.
Derived terms edit

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
露
ろ
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 露 (MC luH).

“Russia”

Short-form of ateji (当て字) spelling 露西亜.

Pronunciation edit

Affix edit

露(ろ) • (ro) 

  1. dew, waterdrop
  2. transience
  3. appear, expose
  4. open; in the open
Derived terms edit
Derived terms

Proper noun edit

露(ろ) • (ro) 

  1. Short for ロシア (Roshia): Russia, Russian
    米(べい)露(ろ)関(かん)係(けい)
    Bei-Ro kankei
    US-Russia relations
Derived terms edit
Derived terms

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. ^ Minamoto, Shitagō with Kyōto Daigaku Bungakubu Kokugogaku Kokubungaku Kenkyūshitu (931–938) Shohon Shūsei Wamyō Ruijushō: Honbunhen (in Japanese), Kyōto: Rinsen, published 1968, →ISBN.

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 露 (MC luH). Recorded as Middle Korean 로〯 (lwǒ) (Yale: lwǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation edit

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

露 (eumhun 이슬 로 (iseul ro), South Korea 이슬 노 (iseul no))

  1. Hanja form? of 로/노 (“dew”).
  2. Hanja form? of 로/노 (“open; to reveal; to appear”).
  3. Hanja form? of 로/노 (“Alternative form referring to Russia (in compounds, in news media)”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Okinawan edit

Kanji edit

露

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
露
ちゆ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Cognate with Japanese 露 (tsuyu).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

露(ちゆ) (chiyu) 

  1. a dew, dewdrop

Derived terms edit

References edit

  1. ^ “チユ” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).(permanent dead link)

Old Japanese edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Proto-Japonic *tuyu.

Noun edit

露 (tuyu) (kana つゆ)

  1. a dew, dewdrop
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4318:
      , text here
      安伎能野爾都由於弊流波疑乎多乎良受弖安多良佐可里乎須具之弖牟登香
      aki1 no2 no1 ni tuyu ope1ru pagi2 wo taworazute atara sakawi wo sugusitemu2 to ka
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Descendants edit
  • Japanese: 露 (tsuyu)

Etymology 2 edit

Cognate with prefix 粗 (ara-, “crude, raw”).

Adjective edit

露 (arapa) (kana あらは)

  1. naked, bare
    • 720, Nihon Shoki, (Age of the gods, part 2):
      顯露、此云阿羅播弐。齋庭、此云踰弐波。
      Bare, read as arapa ni (modern arawa ni); holy ground, read as yunipa (modern yuniwa)
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

露: Hán Nôm readings: lộ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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