चीन

Declension of चीन
	Singular
nominative	चीन [t͡sin]
accusative	चीनलाई [t͡sinläi]
instrumental/ergative	चीनले [t͡sinle]
dative	चीनलाई [t͡sinläi]
ablative	चीनबाट [t͡sinnoʈʌ]
genitive	चीनको [t͡sinko]
locative	चीनमा [t͡sinmä]

Notes: -को (-ko) becomes: -का (-kā) when followed by a plural noun. -की (-kī) when followed by a feminine noun.

NewarEdit

EtymologyEdit

Ultimately from Sanskrit चीन (cīna)

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiːnə]

Proper nounEdit

चीन • (cīna) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐔𑐷𑐣)

China

SanskritEdit

Alternative formsEdit

चीण (cīṇa)

Alternative scriptsEdit

Alternative scripts

ᬘᬷᬦ (Balinese script)
চীন (Assamese script)
চীন (Bengali script)
𑰓𑰱𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀘𑀻𑀦 (Brahmi script)
𑌚𑍀𑌨 (Grantha script)
ચીન (Gujarati script)
ਚੀਨ (Gurmukhi script)
ꦕꦷꦤ (Javanese script)
ចីន (Khmer script)
ಚೀನ (Kannada script)
ຈີນ (Lao script)
ചീന (Malayalam script)
𑘓𑘲𑘡 (Modi script)
ᢋᢈᢈᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
ᢜᡳᡳᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
စီန (Burmese script)
𑦳𑧓𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
𑐔𑐷𑐣 (Newa script)
ଚୀନ (Oriya script)
ꢗꢷꢥ (Saurashtra script)
𑆖𑆵𑆤 (Sharada script)
𑖓𑖱𑖡 (Siddham script)
චීන (Sinhalese script)
చీన (Telugu script)
จีน (Thai script)
ཙཱི་ན (Tibetan script)
𑒔𑒲𑒢 (Tirhuta script)

EtymologyEdit

Uncertain, but usually held to derive from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin) (sm Qín, mc d͡ziɪn, oc *zin, "Qin"), the westernmost ancient Chinese state.^[1]^[2]^[3] Other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉／晋 (jìn) (sm Jìn, mc t͡siɪn, oc *ʔsins, "Jin"), another important ancient state;^[4] 荊／荆 (jīng) (sm Jīng, mc kˠiæŋ, oc *keŋ, "Chu"), the southernmost ancient Chinese state;^[5] or Zina, the endonym of the people of the Yelang kingdom.^[5] See "Names of China" and "Chinas" at Wikipedia.

PronunciationEdit

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ɕiː.n̪ɐ/

Proper nounEdit

चीन • (cīna) m

the Cīna or China (name of a people attested in classical literature, often identified as the Chinese)
- c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti 10.44:
  पौण्ड्रकाश्चौड्रद्रविडाः काम्बोजा यवनाः शकाः ।
  पारदापह्लवाश्चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥
  pauṇḍrakāścauḍradraviḍāḥ kāmbojā yavanāḥ śakāḥ .
  pāradāpahlavāścīnāḥ kirātā daradāḥ khaśāḥ .
  the Paundrakas, the Kodas, the Dravidas, the Kambojas, the Yavanas, the Sakas,
  the Paradas, the Pahlavas, the Cinas, the Kiratas, the Daradas, and the Khasas.
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 5.19.15:
  तस्य चीनैः किरातैश्च काञ्चनैरिव संवृतम् ।
  बभौ बलमनाधृष्यं कर्णिकारवनं यथा ॥
  tasya cīnaiḥ kirātaiśca kāñcanairiva saṃvṛtam .
  babhau balamanādhṛṣyaṃ karṇikāravanaṃ yathā .
  Thronged with the Cīnas and the Kirātas, all as if (clad in) gold,
  His unassailable army radiated (a splendour) like a forest of bayur trees.
- c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 4.44.14
- c. 200 CE, Lalitavistara Sūtra
- c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE, Caraka
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

DeclensionEdit

Masculine a-stem declension of चीन (cīna)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चीनः cīnaḥ	चीनौ cīnau	चीनाः / चीनासः¹ cīnāḥ / cīnāsaḥ¹
Vocative	चीन cīna	चीनौ cīnau	चीनाः / चीनासः¹ cīnāḥ / cīnāsaḥ¹
Accusative	चीनम् cīnam	चीनौ cīnau	चीनान् cīnān
Instrumental	चीनेन cīnena	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनैः / चीनेभिः¹ cīnaiḥ / cīnebhiḥ¹
Dative	चीनाय cīnāya	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Ablative	चीनात् cīnāt	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Genitive	चीनस्य cīnasya	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनानाम् cīnānām
Locative	चीने cīne	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनेषु cīneṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

DescendantsEdit

Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣‎ (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣‎ (ciṃna)
→ Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭‎ (čīn)
- Persian: چین‎ (čin)
  - Portuguese: China
    - English: China
→ Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC t͡ɕiᴇ nɑ)
- Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)
- → Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)
- → Korean: 지나 (jina)
- → Vietnamese: Chi Na
→ Malay: Cina
- Indonesian: Cina

Usually held to be the source of:

Arabic: اَلصِّين‎ (aṣ-ṣīn)
English: China
Ancient Greek: Θῖνα (Thîna); Θῖναι (Thînai)
Latin: Sinae
Telugu: చీనా (cīnā)

NounEdit

चीन • (cīna) n

a bandage for the corners of the eyes
- c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā 1.18.11

DeclensionEdit

Neuter a-stem declension of चीन (cīna)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चीनम् cīnam	चीने cīne	चीनानि / चीना¹ cīnāni / cīnā¹
Vocative	चीन cīna	चीने cīne	चीनानि / चीना¹ cīnāni / cīnā¹
Accusative	चीनम् cīnam	चीने cīne	चीनानि / चीना¹ cīnāni / cīnā¹
Instrumental	चीनेन cīnena	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनैः / चीनेभिः¹ cīnaiḥ / cīnebhiḥ¹
Dative	चीनाय cīnāya	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Ablative	चीनात् cīnāt	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Genitive	चीनस्य cīnasya	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनानाम् cīnānām
Locative	चीने cīne	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनेषु cīneṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

ReferencesEdit

^ Dr M. R. Singh (1972) Geographical Data in Early Puranas, pages 172
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001), “cīna-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 191
^ Yule, Henry (2005) Cathay and the Way Thither‎^[1], →ISBN, pages 2–3
^ Zhengzhang, Shangfang (鄭張尚芳) (2006), “古译名勘原辨讹五例 [A correction of the erroneous etymologic analyses on five ancient translated names]”, in 中国语文 (in Chinese), volume 315, →ISSN, pages 541–549
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Wade Geoff (2009-05), “The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'”, in Sino-Platonic Papers‎^[2], issue 188

Monier Williams (1899), “चीन”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0399.

[Singh-1] Dr M. R. Singh (1972) Geographical Data in Early Puranas, pages 172

[Mayrhofer-2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001), “cīna-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 191

[Yule-3] Yule, Henry (2005) Cathay and the Way Thither‎^[1], →ISBN, pages 2–3

[Zhengzhang-4] Zhengzhang, Shangfang (鄭張尚芳) (2006), “古译名勘原辨讹五例 [A correction of the erroneous etymologic analyses on five ancient translated names]”, in 中国语文 (in Chinese), volume 315, →ISSN, pages 541–549

[Wade-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Wade Geoff (2009-05), “The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'”, in Sino-Platonic Papers‎^[2], issue 188

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