秦

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

秦 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 手大竹木 (QKHD), four-corner 5090₄, composition ⿱𡗗禾)

Derived charactersEdit

榛, 䆐, 溱

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 851, character 30
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24995
Dae Jaweon: page 1275, character 28
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2597, character 5
Unihan data for U+79E6

ChineseEdit

trad.		秦
simp. ^#		秦
alternative forms		𥠼𣜈𥘿𥢮𥣠

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 秦
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Shizhoupian script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (秦) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
轃	ʔsiːn, ʔsrin
秦	*zin
螓	*zin
臻	*ʔsrin
蓁	*ʔsrin
搸	*ʔsrin
溱	*ʔsrin
榛	*ʔsrin

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意): 午 (“pestle”, the original form of 杵) + 廾 (“two hands”) + two 禾 (“grain”). A form of its bronze inscription containing only one 禾 developed into the subsequent small seal script form in Shuowen. The 午 and 廾 components have fused into 𡗗 in the modern form.

According to Shuowen Jiezi, the glyph is an ideogrammic compound (會意): abbreviated 舂 (“to pound grain”) + 禾 (“grain”) – husked grain. However this would necessitate a phonological shift that is considered unlikely, and furthermore is likely a folk etymology altogether.^[1]

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Qín (Qin²)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ
File:zh-Qín.ogg
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ceon⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): tun³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhìn

(Meixian, Guangdong): qin²
Min Bei (KCR): cěng
Min Dong (BUC): cìng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chîn

(Teochew, Peng'im): cing⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ³xxin

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Qín
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Cín
  - Wade–Giles: Chʻin²
  - Yale: Chín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chyn
  - Palladius: Цинь (Cinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ceon⁴
  - Yale: chèuhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsoen⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: cên⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃʰɵn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: tun³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰun²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: qinˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: qin²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰin¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: qin²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰin¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cěng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡seiŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chîn
  - Tâi-lô: tsîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕin²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕin¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕin²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕin²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: cing⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshîng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³xxin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʑ̥ɪɲ²³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 秦
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰin²⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕʰiẽ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡sʰiə̃⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡sʰin⁴²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕʰiẽ²⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕʰiə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕʰĩn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰin²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰin³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰin²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰĩ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕʰin²⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰiəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡sʰəŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ʑiŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/zin¹³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑin²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/zaŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰiʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡sʰin⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sin¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/d͡zin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰin²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰin¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sʰøn²¹/
	Nanning	/t͡sʰɐn²¹/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sʰøn²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/t͡sin³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/t͡siŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/t͡seiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/sun³¹/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ziɪn/

Rime
Character	秦
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	匠鄰切
Baxter	dzin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ziɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zin/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zin/
Li Rong	/d͡ziĕn/
Wang Li	/d͡zĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	can⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]i[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*zin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	秦
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qín
Middle Chinese	‹ dzin ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]i[n]/
English	Qín (place name)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	秦
Reading #	1/1
No.	10497
Phonetic component	秦
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	秦
Old Chinese	/*zin/

DefinitionsEdit

秦

(～國) State of Qin (in ancient China)
- 晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍氾南。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Jìn hóu, Qín bó wéi Zhèng, yǐ qí wúlǐ yú Jìn, qiě èr yú Chǔ yě. Jìn jūn Hánlíng, Qín jūn Fánnán. [Pinyin]
  The Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin laid siege to [the capital of] Zheng, under the pretext of the [Earl of] Zheng's disrespectful treatments towards [Marquis of] Jin and double-mindedness towards Chu. Jin armies were stationed at Hanling; Qin armies at Fannan.
(～朝) Qin dynasty, first imperial dynasty of China
Qin, a general area of central-west China in modern-day Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces
a surname
秦良玉 ― Qín Liángyù ― Qin Liangyu (Ming dynasty female general)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 秦

三秦 (Sānqín)
先秦 (xiānqín)
前秦 (Qián Qín)
大秦 (Dàqín)
暮楚朝秦 (mùchǔzhāoqín)
朝秦暮楚 (zhāoqínmùchǔ)
椎秦
泊秦淮
秦中
秦俑 (Qínyǒng)
秦刻石
秦古 (Qíngǔ)
秦吉了 (qínjíliǎo)
秦咀 (Qínzuǐ)
秦城 (Qínchéng)
秦始皇 (Qín Shǐhuáng)
秦始皇陵
秦孝公
秦家坪 (Qínjiāpíng)
秦川
秦川女
秦州 (Qínzhōu)
秦市 (Qínshì)
秦庭之哭
秦昭王
秦朝 (Qíncháo)

秦椒 (qínjiāo)
秦淮河 (Qínhuái Hé)
秦灰
秦琴 (qínqín)
秦穆公
秦篆 (qínzhuàn)
秦腔 (Qínqiāng)
秦良玉
秦艽 (qínjiāo)
秦襄公
秦誓
秦越
胡秦
苻秦
西秦 (Xīqín)
避秦 (bìqín)
三戶亡秦／三户亡秦
以諧秦晉／以谐秦晋
先秦諸子／先秦诸子
劇秦美新／剧秦美新
後秦／后秦 (Hòuqín)
得成秦晉／得成秦晋
楚館秦樓／楚馆秦楼
秦國／秦国 (Qínguó)
秦嶺／秦岭 (Qínlǐng)
秦庭朗鏡／秦庭朗镜

DescendantsEdit

→ English: Ch'in, Chin, Qin, Tsin
→? Sanskrit: चीन (cīna)
- Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣‎ (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣‎ (ciṃna)
- → Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭‎ (čīn)
  - Persian: چین‎ (čin)
    - Portuguese: China
      - English: China
- → Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC t͡ɕiᴇ nɑ)
  - Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)
  - → Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)
  - → Korean: 지나 (jina)
  - → Vietnamese: Chi Na
- → Malay: Cina
  - Indonesian: Cina

ReferencesEdit

^ “秦, Qin”, in zdic.net‎^[1], (please provide a date or year)

“秦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02923

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

秦

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Qin dynasty

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: じん (jin)
Kan-on: しん (shin)
Sō-on: ちん (chin)
Kun: はた (hata, 秦); はたしん (hatashin, 秦)
Nanori: かな (kana); たい (tai); はだ (hada); ひろ (hiro); まさ (masa); やす (yasu)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
秦
しん Jinmeiyō
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 秦 (MC d͡ziɪn).

Proper nounEdit

秦(しん) • (Shin)

(historical) the Qin dynasty (221-207 BCE), first dynasty of China
(historical) name of various states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period:
1. 前秦 (Zenshin, “Former Qin”, 351-394 CE)
2. 後秦 (Kōshin, “Later Qin”, 384-417 CE)
3. 西秦 (Seishin, “Western Qin”, 385-431 CE)
a surname

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
秦
はた Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Proper nounEdit

秦(はた) • (Hata)

a place name
a surname

Derived termsEdit

秦(はたの)公(きみ)寺(でら) (Hatanokimi-dera)

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
秦
はたしん Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Compound of 秦 (Hata, see above) + 秦 (Shin, “Qin (dynasty)”).

The 秦 kanji itself has a kun-reading of はた (hata).

PronunciationEdit

(Tokyo) はたしん [hàtáshíń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ta̠ɕĩɴ]

Usage notesEdit

This reading is used to distinguish from the 漢音 (kan'on) reading of 晋 (Shin, “Jin dynasty”), itself called 晋 (Susumu-shin). The senses are the same for Etymology 2 above.

ReferencesEdit

^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

秦 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)

Qin

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

秦: Hán Nôm readings: tần, thái

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] “秦, Qin”, in zdic.net‎^[1], (please provide a date or year)

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[1]

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周／东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
		Eastern Zhou 東周／东周	Warring States period 戰國／战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 C.E.	Western Han 西漢／西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國／三国	220 – 280 C.E.	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢／蜀汉
		Wu 吳／吴
Jin 晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Western Jin 西晉／西晋
Jin 晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Eastern Jin 東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 C.E.	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏／东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊／北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋／刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊／南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 C.E.
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國／五代十国	907 – 960 C.E.
Liao 遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 C.E.
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Northern Song 北宋
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao 西遼／西辽	1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 C.E.

秦

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

See alsoEdit

CompoundsEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Proper nounEdit

Etymology 2Edit

Proper nounEdit

Derived termsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

PronunciationEdit

Usage notesEdit

ReferencesEdit

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit