祭

TranslingualEdit

EtymologyEdit

Historical forms of the character 祭
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Large seal script	Small seal script

Ideogrammic compound (會意): ⺼ ‎(“meat”) + 又 ‎(“hand”) + 示 ‎(“altar, ceremony”) – the hand offers a piece of meat at the altar during a ceremony.

Note that the top is not 癶. The left part is ⺼ twisted to the left (compare 將, 然). The right part (which looks like 又 without the tail to the left) actually a simplified form of hand, which was written originally like 屮 (three fingers on the arm), with the tail tilted to the right and the leftmost fingers disappearing).

In Japanese handwriting, the diagonals of the upper right component cross: the short upper-right to lower-left stroke crosses the long upper-left to lower-right stroke, rather than abutting there.

Han characterEdit

祭 (radical 113 示+6, 11 strokes, cangjie input 月人一一火 (BOMMF), four-corner 2790₁)

Derived charactersEdit

傺㡜際 (际) 摖漈憏暩磜穄縩鰶蔡察瘵

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 843, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24700
Dae Jaweon: page 1263, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2397, character 7
Unihan data for U+796D

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		祭

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jì (ji⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zai³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chi
Min Nan (POJ): chè

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
  - Pinyin: jì
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
  - Wade-Giles: chih⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zai³
  - Yale: jai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzai³
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chi
  - Hakka Romanization System: ji
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ji⁴
  - IPA: /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
  - Tâi-lô: tsè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zex
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡se²¹/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 祭
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕi⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕi⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕi⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕi²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡si⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡si³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕi³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕi²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡si⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡sz̩⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕi³⁵/ /t͡sei³⁵/ ～先人
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕi³⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡si⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sei⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡si³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡se⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡si⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡si⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡si⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/t͡si⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sɐi³³/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐi³³/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sɐi³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/t͡se²¹/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/t͡si²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/t͡si³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡si²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/t͡si³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /t͡siᴇi^H/, /t͡ʃˠɛi^H/▼

Rime
Character	祭	祭
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	莊 (18)
Final (韻)	祭 (35)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	子例切	側界切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siᴇi^H/	/t͡ʃˠɛi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɛi^H/	/ʈ͡ʂᵚæi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sjæi^H/	/t͡ʃɐi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡siaj^H/	/ʈ͡ʂəɨj^H/
Li Rong	/t͡siɛi^H/	/t͡ʃɛi^H/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭɛi^H/	/t͡ʃɐi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ɛi^H/	/ʈ͡ʂăi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì	zhài

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter-Sagart): /*[ts]et-s/, /*[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsreːds/, /*ʔsleds/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	祭	祭
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jì	zhài
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjej^H ›	‹ tsrɛj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]et-s/	/*[ts](ˤ)re[t]-s/
English	sacrifice	(name of a state)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	祭	祭
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	5838	5839
Phonetic component	祭	祭
Rime group	祭	祭
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	瘵	祭
Old Chinese	/*ʔsreːds/	/*ʔsleds/