金馬

Baekje

Etymology

Related to Japanese 熊(クマ) (kuma, “bear”) and Old Korean *고마〮 (*kwòmá, “bear”) > Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm). Beyond Korean and Japanese, compare also Old Chinese 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm).

Noun

金馬 (*kəma or *kuma or *komu or *kumu) (Nihon shoki 久麻 or クム or クマ or コム)

bear

References

John Bentley (2000) “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research‎^[1], volume 36, number 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443
Alexander Vovin (2013) “From Koguryo to T'amna”, in Korean Linguistics‎^[2], volume 15, number 2, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 222—240

Chinese

		metal; gold; money	horse; surname
trad. (金馬)		金	馬
simp. (金马)		金	马

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīnmǎ

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣㄇㄚˇ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kim-bé

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīnmǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣㄇㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jinmǎ
  - Wade–Giles: chin¹-ma³
  - Yale: jīn-mǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinmaa
  - Palladius: цзиньма (czinʹma)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kim-bé
  - Tâi-lô: Kim-bé
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kimbea
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² be⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kim³³ be⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² be⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ be⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ be⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: kim maeX

Rime
Character	金	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	居吟切	莫下切
Baxter	kim	maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪm/	/mˠa^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚim/	/mᵚa^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kiem/	/ma^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjim/	/maɨ^X/
Li Rong	/kjəm/	/ma^X/
Wang Li	/kĭĕm/	/ma^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯əm/	/ma^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīn	mǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam¹	maa⁵

Noun

金馬

gold horse
(literary) imperial court or capital
Synonyms: 朝廷 (cháotíng), 帝都 (dìdū)
(literary) Hanlin Academy scholar
Synonym: 翰林 (Hànlín)

Proper noun

金馬

(historical) (～門) a gate in the Han dynasty where literati waited for imperial orders
(historical) (～署) imperial library of the Han dynasty
(historical) Alternative term for 翰林院 (Hànlínyuàn, “Hanlin Academy”).
(～地區) Fujian Province, Republic of China after 1949 (Short for 金門／金门 (Jīnmén) + 馬祖／马祖 (Mǎzǔ): “Kinmen and Matsu”.)

Derived terms

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