熊
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Translingual edit
Han character edit
熊 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 戈心火 (IPF), four-corner 21331, composition ⿱能灬)
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 679, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19294
- Dae Jaweon: page 1090, character 32
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2227, character 5
- Unihan data for U+718A
Chinese edit
trad. | 熊 | |
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simp. # | 熊 | |
alternative forms | 能 𤌶 𤠗 𪏛 𧰯 |
Glyph origin edit
Historical forms of the character 熊 | |||||||||||||||||||
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Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |||||||||||||||||
Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | |||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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According to Shuowen, phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɢʷlɯm) : semantic 能 (“bear”) + abbreviated phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).
This character originally represented an onomatopoetic word (熊熊 (xióngxióng, “(of flame) raging”)). Later its semantic component 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ), the character for the Old Chinese word "bear", was borrowed for another word. This character thus began to represent the word "bear" instead.
Etymology edit
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. Cognate with Tibetan དོམ (dom, “bear”), Burmese ဝံ (wam) (in ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
熊
- bear (mammal) (Classifier: 頭/头 m; 隻/只 m c mn)
- (colloquial) to scold (Can we add an example for this sense?)
- (colloquial) timid; cowardly
- (Northeastern Mandarin) to bully; to extort
- (gay slang) bear (large, hairy man, especially a homosexual one)
- (archaic, Muping and Xining Mandarin, Xinzhou Jin) black bear
- 吉夢維何?
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jí mèng wéi hé?
Wéi xióng wéi pí,
Wéi huǐ wéi shé. [Pinyin] - What dreams are lucky?
They have been about black bears and brown bears;
They have been about asps and adders.
維熊維羆、
維虺維蛇。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
吉梦维何?
维熊维罴、
维虺维蛇。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname: Xiong (mainland China); Hsiung (Taiwan); Hung (Hong Kong)
- 熊十力 ― Xióng Shílì ― Xiong Shili (20th-century Chinese philosopher)
Synonyms edit
- (bear):
- (to scold):
- 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
- 叱罵/叱骂 (chìmà)
- 叱責/叱责 (chìzé)
- 吆喝 (colloquial)
- 呲 (cī)
- 呲兒/呲儿 (cīr)
- 呵叱 (hēchì)
- 呲打 (cīda) (Northeastern Mandarin)
- 呵斥 (hēchì)
- 呵責/呵责 (hēzé) (literary)
- 喝叱
- 嗔怪 (chēnguài) (literary)
- 嗔著/嗔着 (chēnzhe) (colloquial)
- 怪 (guài)
- 怒 (nù) (Classical Chinese)
- 怨怪 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
- 怪罪 (guàizuì)
- 批評/批评 (pīpíng)
- 指摘 (zhǐzhāi)
- 指斥 (zhǐchì)
- 指責/指责 (zhǐzé)
- 指點/指点 (zhǐdiǎn)
- 捋 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
- 摘 (literary, or in compounds)
- 撻伐/挞伐 (tàfá) (literary, figurative)
- 數落/数落 (shǔluo) (informal)
- 數說/数说 (shǔshuō)
- 斥斥 (Xiamen Hokkien)
- 斥罵/斥骂 (chìmà)
- 斥責/斥责 (chìzé)
- 歸咎/归咎 (guījiù)
- 歸罪/归罪 (guīzuì)
- 派
- 激勵/激励 (jīlì) (literary)
- 申斥 (shēnchì)
- 痛罵/痛骂 (tòngmà)
- 聲討/声讨 (shēngtǎo)
- 訓/训 (xùn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 訓斥/训斥 (xùnchì)
- 詬病/诟病 (gòubìng) (literary)
- 說/说
- 說話/说话 (shuōhuà)
- 謗議/谤议 (bàngyì) (literary)
- 譴責/谴责 (qiǎnzé)
- 責備/责备 (zébèi)
- 責怪/责怪 (zéguài)
- 責罵/责骂 (zémà)
- 責難/责难 (zénàn)
- 貶斥/贬斥 (biǎnchì) (literary)
- 貶責/贬责 (biǎnzé)
- 賴/赖 (lài)
- 非議/非议 (fēiyì)
- 非難/非难 (fēinàn)
- 體斥/体斥 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- (timid):
- (black bear):
Compounds edit
- 丸熊
- 人熊 (rénxióng)
- 仲熊
- 內熊/内熊
- 北極熊/北极熊 (běijíxióng)
- 和熊
- 夢兆熊羆/梦兆熊罴
- 夢熊/梦熊
- 夢熊之喜/梦熊之喜
- 夢熊羆/梦熊罴
- 大熊星座
- 大熊湖 (Dàxiónghú)
- 大熊貓/大熊猫 (dàxióngmāo)
- 封熊
- 小熊星座
- 小熊貓/小熊猫 (xiǎoxióngmāo)
- 小貓熊/小猫熊
- 憑熊/凭熊
- 有熊
- 柙虎樊熊
- 棕熊 (zōngxióng)
- 椶熊/棕熊
- 海熊
- 浣熊 (huànxióng)
- 消熊
- 灰熊 (huīxióng)
- 無尾熊/无尾熊 (wúwěixióng)
- 熊丸
- 熊丸之教
- 熊侯
- 熊僚
- 熊包
- 熊占
- 熊夢/熊梦
- 熊威
- 熊子國/熊子国
- 熊崗/熊岗
- 熊巖/熊岩
- 熊席
- 熊幡
- 熊心豹膽/熊心豹胆
- 熊戲/熊戏
- 熊掌 (xióngzhǎng)
- 熊據虎跱/熊据虎跱
- 熊旂/熊旗
- 熊旗
- 熊昱
- 熊本 (Xióngběn)
- 熊樣/熊样 (xióngyàng)
- 熊樣兒/熊样儿
- 熊武
- 熊河 (Xiónghé)
- 熊渠
- 熊渠子
- 熊灘/熊滩 (Xióngtān)
- 熊烝
- 熊熊 (xióngxióng)
- 熊熊烈火 (xióngxiónglièhuǒ)
- 熊狼
- 熊狸
- 熊環/熊环
- 熊白
- 熊瞎子 (xióngxiāzi)
- 熊經/熊经
- 熊經鳥伸/熊经鸟伸
- 熊經鳥引/熊经鸟引
- 熊經鳥曳/熊经鸟曳
- 熊經鳥申/熊经鸟申
- 熊經鴟顧/熊经鸱顾
- 熊羆/熊罴
- 熊羆之士/熊罴之士
- 熊羆之祥/熊罴之祥
- 熊羆入夢/熊罴入梦
- 熊耳
- 熊耳兵
- 熊耳杯
- 熊肪
- 熊背
- 熊腊
- 熊腰虎背
- 熊膰
- 熊膽/熊胆 (xióngdǎn)
- 熊虎 (xiónghǔ)
- 熊虎之士
- 熊虎士
- 熊虎將/熊虎将
- 熊虺
- 熊蛇
- 熊蜂 (xióngfēng)
- 熊螭
- 熊蟻/熊蚁
- 熊衣
- 熊豹
- 熊貓/熊猫 (xióngmāo)
- 熊貔
- 熊足
- 熊蹯
- 熊車/熊车
- 熊軍/熊军
- 熊軒/熊轩
- 熊軾/熊轼
- 熊軾轓/熊轼𰺜
- 熊轓/熊𰺜
- 熊集 (Xióngjí)
- 熊韜豹略/熊韬豹略
- 熊飛/熊飞
- 熊館/熊馆
- 熊首轓/熊首𰺜
- 熊騎/熊骑
- 熊魚/熊鱼
- 牛熊證/牛熊证 (niúxióngzhèng)
- 狗熊 (gǒuxióng)
- 玄熊
- 畫熊/画熊
- 畫荻丸熊/画荻丸熊
- 當熊/当熊
- 白熊 (báixióng)
- 維熊/维熊
- 綠熊席/绿熊席
- 老熊當道/老熊当道
- 耍熊
- 耍狗熊
- 虎背熊腰 (hǔbèixióngyāo)
- 虎體熊腰/虎体熊腰 (hǔtǐxióngyāo)
- 衣狐坐熊
- 袋熊 (dàixióng)
- 裝熊/装熊
- 豬熊/猪熊
- 豭熊
- 貂熊 (diāoxióng)
- 貓熊/猫熊 (māoxióng)
- 非熊
- 非熊兆
- 非熊賣屠/非熊卖屠
- 非熊非羆/非熊非罴
- 飛熊/飞熊
- 飛熊入夢/飞熊入梦
- 飾熊/饰熊
- 馬來熊/马来熊 (mǎlái xióng)
- 馬熊/马熊 (mǎxióng)
- 馮媛當熊/冯媛当熊
- 驢熊/驴熊
- 魚與熊掌/鱼与熊掌
- 黃熊/黄熊
- 黄熊
- 黑熊 (hēixióng)
Japanese edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
Compounds edit
- 牡熊 (osukuma): a male bear
- 子熊 (kokuma): a bear cub
- 小熊 (kokuma): a species of small bear
- 白熊 (shirokuma): a white bear (polar bear)
- 灰色熊 (haīrokuma): a grizzly bear
- 北極熊 (hokkyokuguma): a polar bear
- 黒熊 (kurokuma): the Asian black bear
- 熊笹 (kumazasa): bamboo grass (Sasa veitchii)
- 熊葛 (kumatsuzura): common vervain (Verbena officinalis)
- 熊手 (kumade): bamboo rake
- 熊襲 (Kumaso): the Kumaso people
- 雌熊 (mesukuma): a female bear; a she-bear
- 熊本 (Kumamoto): Kumamoto
Etymology edit
Kanji in this term |
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熊 |
くま Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.[1]
Further derivation is uncertain. Possibilities include:
- Might be cognate with Japanese 隈 (kuma, “inside corner; inner bend; hollow or hole in something”), perhaps from the way that bears often live in dens.[2]
- Might also or separately be cognate with Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm, “bear”), whose archaic form */koma/ is preserved as the first element of the toponym 고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (Kwòmánòlò, literally “Bear-ford”). Thus, a cognate of Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”) and Baekje 金馬 (*kəma/*kuma, “bear”).
- Might be an areal Wanderwort, borrowed from Old Chinese 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm) and ultimately deriving from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. See also the etymology notes in the *d-wam entry.
Pronunciation edit
- (Tokyo) くま [kùmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[3][4][5]
- (Tokyo) くま [kúꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4][5]
- IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝma̠]
Noun edit
- [from 712] a bear (large mammal of family Ursidae)
- [from 1701] (slang) hairiness in general; (more specifically) a bear, an otter (a hairy man, especially one who is gay)
- [???] (theater) standing room only audience members in the pit (from the way the standing section would often have a metal railing or fence separating it, resembling a bear cage)
Usage notes edit
As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クマ.
Derived terms edit
- 穴熊 (anaguma): Meles meles, the Eurasian badger
- 洗熊 (araiguma): a raccoon
Prefix edit
- [from 712] prefixed to other nouns for animals or plants to indicate large size or great strength, relative to other varieties
Derived terms edit
- 熊鼠 (kumanezumi): Rattus rattus, the black rat
References edit
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Entry at Nihon Jiten (in Japanese)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
Korean edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Chinese 熊 (MC hjuwng).
Historical Readings | ||
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅮᇰ (Yale: hhwùng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | 곰〯 (Yale: kwǒm) | 우ᇰ (Yale: wùng) |
Pronunciation edit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [uŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [웅]
Hanja edit
Compounds edit
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Okinawan edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
Etymology edit
Kanji in this term |
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熊 |
くま Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
Cognate with Japanese 熊 (kuma, “bear”) and Korean 곰 (gom).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
熊 (kuma)
References edit
- “くま【熊】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
- bear