𐰼

𐰼 U+10C3C, 𐰼 OLD TURKIC LETTER ORKHON AER ← 𐰻 [U+10C3B] Old Turkic 𐰽 → [U+10C3D]

Old Turkic

Etymology 1

Derived from Ancient Greek Ρ (R, “rho”) through intermediaries.

Letter

𐰼 (r²)

1. A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with front vowels.

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “r²”, in The Origin of Turkic Runic Alphabet, London, pages 69 and 75
• Tekin, Talât (1968) A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 27
• Clauson, Gerard (1962) Turkish and Mongolian studies‎^[1], London: Royal Asiatic Society, page 80
• Ghirshman, Roman (1948) Les Chionites-Hephtalites‎^[2], Iran: Institut francais d'archeologie orientale, page 63

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be”). Cognate with Turkish imek (“to be”), Uzbek emoq, Yakut эр (er, “to be”).

Verb

𐰼 (er-)

1. (intransitive) to be (something, somewhere)

Derived terms

• 𐰼𐰨 (erinč, “possibly, certainly”)
• 𐰼𐱅𐰃 (erti)
• 𐰼𐰢𐰾 (ermiš)
• 𐰼𐰾𐰼 (erser, “if”)
• 𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰃 (erkli, “while”)

References

• Tekin, Talât (1968) “är-”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 326
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 193
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*er-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Cognate with Chuvash ар (ar), Khalaj hər, Turkish er, Uzbek er, Bashkir ир (ir), Khakas ир (ir). Compare also Mongolian эр (er).

Noun

𐰼 (er)

1. man, human male

Adjective

𐰼 (er)

1. male

Derived terms

• 𐰼𐰓𐰢 (erdem, “courage, brave”)
• 𐰼𐰤 (eren, “men”)

References

• Tekin, Talât (1968) “är”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 325
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 192
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ēr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[4], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Etymology 4

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r- (“to reach”). Cognate with Turkish ermek. Compare also Hungarian ér (“to reach”)

Noun

𐰼 (er-)

1. (intransitive) to reach

Derived terms

• 𐰼𐰏 (erig, “reachable”)

References

• Tekin, Talât (1968) “är”, in A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, →ISBN, page 328
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ér”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 194
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ẹ̄r-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[5], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Etymology 5

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -er.

Suffix

𐰼 (-er, -ir, -r)

1. Forms simple present tense and aorist tense

   ‎𐱅𐰔 (t²z /⁠tez-⁠/, “to flee away”) + ‎𐰼 (r²) → ‎𐱅𐰔𐰼 (t²zr² /⁠Tezer.⁠/, “They flee away.”)

2. Forms adjectives or nouns out of verbs

   ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kür² /⁠kör-⁠/, “to see”) + ‎𐰼 (r²) → ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼 (kür²ür² /⁠Körür.⁠/, “They see.”)

Usage notes

1. In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with l, r or n, it takes the form 𐰇𐰼 (-ür) or 𐰼 (-ir).

   ‎𐰋𐰃𐰠 (b²il² /⁠bil-⁠/, “to know”) + ‎𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → ‎𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰼 (b²il²r² /⁠Bilir.⁠/, “They know.”)

2. In monosyllabic verbs, if the verb ends a vowel, it takes the form 𐰼 (-r) or 𐰘𐰇𐰼 (-yür).

   ‎𐱅𐰃 (t²i /⁠té-⁠/, “to say”) + ‎𐰼 (r²) → ‎𐱅𐰃𐰼 (t²ir² /⁠Tér.⁠/, “They say.”)

   ‎𐰇 (ü /⁠ö-⁠/, “to think”) + ‎𐰘𐰇𐰼 (y²ür²) → ‎𐰇𐰘𐰇𐰼 (üy²ür² /⁠Öyür.⁠/, “They think.”)

3. In polysyllabic verbs, if the verb ends with a consonant, it takes the form 𐰇𐰼 (-ür).

   ‎𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣 (qzǧn¹ /⁠ḳazġan-⁠/, “to win, to conquer”) + ‎𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → ‎𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺 (qzǧn¹ur¹ /⁠Ḳazġanur.⁠/, “They conquer.”)

4. For the negative form 𐰢𐰔 (-mez) is used instead.

   ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kür² /⁠kör-⁠/, “to see”) + ‎𐰢𐰔 (mz) → ‎𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰔 (kür²mz /⁠Körmez.⁠/, “They don't see.”)

Alternative forms

• 𐰺 (-ar, -ïr, -r)
• 𐰇𐰼 (-ür)
• 𐰆𐰺 (-ur)
• 𐰘𐰇𐰼 (-yür)
• 𐰖𐰆𐰺 (-yur)

Related terms

• 𐰏𐰘 (-gey, “optative-future tense”)
• 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (-deči, “future tense”)
• 𐰓𐰃 (-di, “experienced past tense”)
• 𐰢𐰔 (-mez, “negative aorist tense”)
• 𐰢𐰲𐰃 (-meči, “negative future tense”)
• 𐰢𐱁 (-miš, “heard past tense”)
• 𐰾𐰚 (-sik, “necessitive-future tense”)