er
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Page categories
English
editPronunciation
edit- enPR: ûr, IPA(key): /ɜː/
Audio (Southern England): (file) - Rhymes: -ɜː(r)
- Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare uh.
Etymology 1
editMimetic (sound of hesitation)
Interjection
editer
- Said when hesitating in speech.
- 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:
- If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
- 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
- Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'
Verb
editer (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)
- (informal) To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech.
- Synonyms: ah, eh, um; hem and haw
- um and er
- He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.
Etymology 2
editNoun
editer (plural ers)
- The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.
Anagrams
editAfrikaans
editPronunciation
editNoun
editer (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
Alemannic German
editEtymology
editFrom Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.
Pronoun
editer m
Declension
editnominative | accusative | dative | possessive m | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mier, mer | min, miin | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich, di | dir, dier, der | din, diin |
polite | Si | Ine, Ene, -ne | Ire | ||
3rd person singular | m | er | in, en | im | sin, siin |
f | si | ire | |||
n | es, 's, -s | im | sin, siin | ||
1st person plural | mir, mer | üs, öis, ois, eus | üse, öise, oise, euse | ||
2nd person plural | ir, ier | öi, eu | öie, eure | ||
3rd person plural | si | ine, ene, -ne | ire |
Bavarian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Middle High German er, from Old High German er (“he”). Cognate with German er.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editer
See also
editnominative | accusative | dative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
1st person singular | i | — | mi | — | mia (mir) | ma | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | — | di | — | dia (dir) | da | |
2nd person singular (formal) |
Sie | — | Eahna | — | Eahna | — | |
3rd person singular | m | er | a | eahm | 'n | eahm | 'n |
n | es, des | 's | des | 's | |||
f | se, de | 's | se | 's | ihr | — | |
1st person plural | mia (mir) | ma | uns | — | uns | — | |
2nd person plural | eß, ihr | — | enk, eich | — | enk, eich | — | |
3rd person plural | se | 's | eahna | — | eahna | — |
Breton
editContraction
editer
Cimbrian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.
Pronoun
editer
Inflection
editPersonal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | iar |
3rd person | er, si, 'z | se |
References
edit- “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Cornish
editEtymology 1
editUltimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.
Pronunciation
editPreposition
editer
Derived terms
edit- er kov (“in memory of”)
- erbynn (“by, against”)
- mos er y bynn (“address”)
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish *irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).
Pronunciation
edit- (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA(key): [ɛːr]
- (Revived Late Cornish) IPA(key): [eːr]
Noun
editAlternative forms
editEtymology 3
editFrom Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.
Noun
editer m (plural erys)
Etymology 4
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)
Noun
editer m (dual dewer, plural eryow)
Etymology 5
editFrom Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.
Noun
editer m
Etymology 6
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
editer
- Soft mutation of ger.
Crimean Tatar
editAdjective
editer
Czech
editPronunciation
editNoun
editer n (indeclinable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
Further reading
editDanish
editEtymology
editFrom Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editer
Dutch
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editWeak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")
Adverb
editer
- there (unspecific to distance)
- pronominal adverb form of het: it; him, her, them
- Ik heb ermee gewerkt.
- I have worked with it/them.
- Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.
- You can see the mountains above it/them.
Usage notes
edit- Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
- With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.
Descendants
edit- Petjo: d'r
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).
Adverb
editer
- (partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)
- Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
- My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)
- Ik zie er geen meer.
- I don't see any more (of them).
- Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editSee Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs
Related terms
editSee also
editAnagrams
editFaroese
editPronunciation
editVerb
editer
- third-person singular indicative present of vera
- Hann er skipari.
- He is a captain/skipper.
- Hon er úr Føroyum.
- She is from the Faroe Islands.
- Tað er í ordan.
- It's all right.
Gagauz
editEtymology
editUltimately from Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish yer.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editer
German
editEtymology
editFrom Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German her, Old High German her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editer
- (personal) he.
- Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?
- Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.
- (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).
- Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.
- (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).
- Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.
- (personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
- Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.
- Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.
- 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2[1], page 27:
- Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.
- Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
Declension
editsingular | plural | singular and plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 2nd person polite/formal | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du -e2 |
er | sie -se2 |
es | wir | ihr | sie -se2 |
Sie Ihr3 |
genitive | meiner mein3 |
deiner dein3 |
seiner sein3 |
ihrer | seiner sein3 |
unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer Euer3 |
dative | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen Euch3 |
accusative | mich | dich | ihn | sie -se2 |
es | uns | euch | sie -se2 |
Sie Euch3 |
1These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters. 2enclitic, colloquial 3archaic
- In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
- for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
- with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
- Older forms/spellings include:
Derived terms
edit- hatter (hat er; colloquial)
Further reading
edit- “er” in Duden online
- “er” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
- “er” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Hunsrik
editAlternative forms
edit- ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
Etymology
editFrom Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editer
Inflection
editnominative | accusative | dative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proclitic | Enclitic | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |
1st person singular | ich | -ich | mich | meer | mer | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | -du, -de | dich | deer | der | |
3rd person singular (m.) | er; där | -er | ihn | en | ihm | em |
3rd person singular (f.) | sie; die | -se | sie / ihns | se | eer | re |
3rd person singular (n.) | es; das | 's | es | ihm | em | |
1st person plural | meer | mer | uns | |||
2nd person plural | deer | der | eich | |||
3rd person plural | sie; die | -se | sie | se | denne |
Further reading
editIcelandic
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.
Verb
editer
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).
Pronoun
editer
- (relative) which
- (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun
Conjunction
editer
- (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
- Judges 2:19
- En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.
- But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
- Þar er ég kom.
- There whence I came.
- Þá er myndin var búin.
- When the movie was finished.
- Judges 2:19
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Indonesian
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editèr
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
Synonyms
edit- ar (Standard Malay)
See also
edit- (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet
Further reading
edit- “er” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Italian
editAlternative forms
edit- 'r (after vowels)
Article
editer m sg
Jamtish
editVerb
editer
Japanese
editAlternative forms
edit- ler (-rā)
Etymology
editFrom English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit- (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.
Derived terms
editRelated terms
edit- ist (-isuto)
Further reading
editKembra
editNoun
editer
Latin
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.[1]
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /eːr/, [eːr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
Noun
editēr m (genitive ēris); third declension
Usage notes
editThere is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.
Declension
editThird-declension noun.
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | ēr | ērēs |
genitive | ēris | ērum |
dative | ērī | ēribus |
accusative | ērem | ērēs |
ablative | ēre | ēribus |
vocative | ēr | ērēs |
Related terms
edit- ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)
Etymology 2
editPronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
Noun
editer f (indeclinable)
- The name of the letter R.
Usage notes
edit- Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).
Coordinate terms
edit- (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta
References
edit- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193
Further reading
edit- "ēr", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
Latvian
editPronunciation
editNoun
editer m (invariable)
- The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.
See also
edit- Latvian letter names:
Low German
editPronoun
editer
- Alternative spelling of ehr
Lower Sorbian
editPronunciation
editNoun
editer m inan
- The name of the Latin-script letter r/R.
See also
editMalay
editEtymology
editPossibly borrowed from English er or is a pronunciation spelling of a in non-rhotic Malay accents.
Pronunciation
editInterjection
editer
- Used to express hesitation; er, uh.
- Synonym: a
- Er, kita tengah ke mana ni?
- Er, where are we going?
Mambae
editNoun
editer
References
edit- Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)
Mandarin
editRomanization
editer
- Nonstandard spelling of ēr.
- Nonstandard spelling of ér.
- Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
- Nonstandard spelling of èr.
Usage notes
edit- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Manx
editEtymology
editFrom a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
- ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
- for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
- íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.
Preposition
editer
Inflection
editSingular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd m. | 3rd f. | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
Normal | orrym | ort | er | urree | orrin | erriu | orroo |
Emphatic | orryms | orts | ersyn | urreeish | orrinyn | erriuish | orroosyn |
Pronoun
editer
- third-person singular of er
Derived terms
edit- ersyn (emphatic)
Middle Dutch
editAdverb
editer
- unstressed form of dāer
Middle English
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
editer
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- “ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2020-05-25.
Etymology 2
editDeterminer
editer
- Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)
Pronoun
editer
- Alternative form of hire (“hers”)
Etymology 3
editPronoun
editer
- Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)
Etymology 4
editNoun
editer
- Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)
Etymology 5
editDeterminer
editer
- Alternative form of here (“their”)
Middle High German
editEtymology
editInherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”).
Pronoun
editër
- (personal) he
Inflection
editNumber | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ich | mīn | mir | mich | |
Second | du, dū | dīn | dir | dich | ||
Third | Masculine | ër CG hë(r) |
sīn | im(e) | in | |
Feminine | siu | ir(e) | ir(e) | sie | ||
Neuter | ëȥ CG iȥ, it |
es | im(e) | ëȥ CG iȥ, it | ||
Plural | First | wir | unser | uns | uns, unsich | |
Second | ir | iuwer | iu, iuch | iuch | ||
Third | Masculine | sie | ir(e) | in | sie | |
Feminine | ||||||
Neuter | siu | siu | ||||
The distinction of the forms siu and sie as shown above is typical of earlier Upper German texts, but was never general. The forms sī and si existed additionally and all four were increasingly used without differentiation. |
Descendants
edit- Alemannic German:
- Swabian: er, ear
- Swabian Jura: ear
- Bavarian: er
- Central Franconian:
- Moselle Franconian: er
- East Central German:
- German: er
- East Franconian: er, ea
- Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German: er
- Yiddish: ער (er)
References
edit- Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel
Mòcheno
editEtymology
editFrom Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.
Pronoun
editer
Inflection
editPersonal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | ir |
3rd person | er, si, s | sei |
References
edit- “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Norwegian Bokmål
editPronunciation
editVerb
editer
Norwegian Nynorsk
editPronunciation
editVerb
editer
- is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera
- Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.
- (auxiliary) be
- Boka er skriven. ― The book is written
- Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.
References
edit- “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
- “er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)
Old Dutch
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.
Preposition
editēr
- before, earlier than
Descendants
editFurther reading
edit- “ēr (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Conjunction
editēr
Descendants
editFurther reading
edit- “ēr (III)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Adverb
editēr
- previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
- earlier, before a certain time or period
Descendants
edit- Middle Dutch: êer
Further reading
edit- “ēr (I)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Old Frisian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
editēr
Preposition
editēr (+ dative)
- before (of time)
Descendants
editEtymology 2
editPronunciation
editNoun
editēr f
- Alternative form of ēre
References
edit- Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN
Old High German
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editēr
Adverb
editēr
Conjunction
editēr
Preposition
editēr (+ dative)
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editēr n
Descendants
editEtymology 3
editFrom Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).
Alternative forms
edit- her (northern)
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editer
- he
- c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
- […] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein […]
- […] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]
- c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
Inflection
editNumber | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ih (ihha, ihcha) |
mīn | mir | mih | |
Second | dū | dīn | dir | dih | ||
Third | Masculine | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in | |
Feminine | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia | ||
Neuter | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz | ||
Plural | First | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih | |
Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih | ||
Third | Masculine | sie | iro | im, in | sie | |
Feminine | sio | iro | im, in | sio | ||
Neuter | siu | iro | im, in | siu | ||
Polite form | Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |
Descendants
edit- Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)
References
edit- Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer
Old Norse
editAlternative forms
editEtymology 1
editFrom earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).
Pronoun
editer
- who, which, that
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
- en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr
- but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
Conjunction
editer
Descendants
editUsage notes
edit- The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.
Etymology 2
editFrom earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.
Verb
editer
Usage notes
edit- See above; the same rules apply.
Descendants
edit- Icelandic: er
- Faroese: er
- Norwegian:
- Jamtish: er
- Elfdalian: ir
- Old Swedish: ær
- Swedish: är
- Danish: er
- Old Gutnish: ier
References
edit- "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Old Prussian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (“also, if”), Latvian ar (“also”), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, “hence, as well as”).
Preposition
editer + (optionally another preposition)
Derived terms
editParticle
editer
See also
editReferences
edit- Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “er”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian][3] (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 282-283
Old Saxon
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.
Adjective
editēr
Declension
editStrong declension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gender | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
case | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural |
nominative | ēr | ēre, ēra | ēr | ēra | ēr | ēr, ēra |
accusative | ēran, ēren | ēra, ēre | ēra | ēra | ēr | ēr, ēra |
genitive | ēres, ēras | ēraro, ēroro, ērero | ērara, ēraro | ēraro, ēroro, ērero | ēres, ēras | ēraro, ēroro, ērero |
dative | ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran | ērun, ēron, ērum | ēraro, ēraru, ērara | ērun, ēron | ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran | ērun, ēron, ērum |
Weak declension | ||||||
gender | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
case | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural |
nominative | ēro, ēra | ēron, ērun | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun, ēran | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun |
accusative | ēron, ēran | ēron, ērun | ērun, ēron, ēran | ēron, ērun, ēran | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun |
genitive | ēren, ēran | ērono, ēreno | ērun, ēran, ēren | ērono | ēren, ēran | ērono, ēreno |
dative | ēron, ēren, ēran | ēron, ērun | ērun, ēran | ēron, ērun | ēron, ēren, ēran | ēron, ērun |
Adverb
editēr
Conjunction
editēr
Preposition
editēr (+ dative)
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.
Noun
editēr ?
Descendants
edit- Middle Low German: ēr
Etymology 3
editFrom Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).
Noun
editēr m
Old Tupi
editEtymology
editBack-formation from era (“name”).[1]
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editer (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser, noun form era)
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “era”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 109, column 1
Palauan
editPreposition
editer
- Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.
- el mo er a medad ― in the future.
- er a elecha el tutau ― this morning.
- rakket er a tenis ― tennis racket.
References
edit- er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
- er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
- er in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.
Pennsylvania German
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editPronoun
editer
Declension
editsingular | plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar |
2nd person polite/formal |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du de1 |
dihr der1 Sie |
er | sie se1 |
es | mir mer1 |
dihr der1 |
sie |
dative | mir mer1 |
dir der1 |
eich Ihne Ne1 |
ihm em1 |
ihre re1 |
ihm em1 |
uns | eich | ihne ne1 |
accusative | mich | dich | eich Sie |
ihn en1 |
sie se1 |
es | sie |
1unstressed
Polabian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Middle Low German ere/eren/here.
Noun
editer m ?
Adverb
editer
- Alternative form of ar
References
edit- The template Template:R:pox:SejDp does not use the parameter(s):
3=2
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Polański, Kazimierz (1971) “er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 145 - Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “er”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 60
- Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Herr”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 237
Polish
editPronunciation
editNoun
editer f
Salar
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Turkic erür.
Noun
editer
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Turkic *ēr. Cognate to Azerbaijani ər, Turkish er, Turkmen är.
Noun
editer
Etymology 3
editFrom Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r. Cognate to Turkish er, Turkmen īr.
Adjective
editer
- (Dialectal, Mengda, Ejia) early
Adverb
editer
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
- 马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader][4], 1st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 105
- 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages 108, 262
- 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar][5], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, pages 33, 134
- Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “er”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103
Saterland Frisian
editEtymology
editFrom Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editer
- unstressed form of hie (“he”)
See also
editReferences
editScots
editEtymology 1
editVerb
editer
- (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
- (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
- (Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be
- A'm er so!
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Usage notes
editUsed emphatically. See ir.
Etymology 2
editNoun
editer (plural ers)
References
edit- “er, n.4”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.
Swedish
editEtymology
editContraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editer c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)
- you (plural, object)
- Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder
- (possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
- (reflexive pronoun) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves
- Skulle ni vilja lära er jonglera?
- Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?
Usage notes
edit- See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
- Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like Ers Majestät (“Your Majesty”) and Ers Höghet (“Your Highness”).
Declension
editNumber | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
singular | first | — | jag | mig, mej3 | min | mitt | mina |
second | — | du | dig, dej3 | din | ditt | dina | |
third | masculine (person) | han | honom, han2, en5 | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hon | henne, na5 | hennes | ||||
gender-neutral (person)1 | hen | hen, henom7 | hens | ||||
common (noun) | den | den | dess | ||||
neuter (noun) | det | det | dess | ||||
indefinite | man or en4 | en | ens | ||||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina | ||
plural | first | — | vi | oss | vår, våran2 | vårt, vårat2 | våra |
second | — | ni | er | er, eran2, ers6 | ert, erat2 | era | |
archaic | I | eder | eder, eders6 | edert | edra | ||
third | — | de, dom3 | dem, dom3 | deras | |||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina |
Anagrams
editTurkish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).
Adverb
editer
Usage notes
edit- Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")
Etymology 2
editInherited from Ottoman Turkish ار, from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Related to noun-forming suffix -er and Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).
Noun
editer (definite accusative eri, plural erler)
Declension
editInflection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | er | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | eri | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | er | erler | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | eri | erleri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dative | ere | erlere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | erde | erlerde | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ablative | erden | erlerden | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | erin | erlerin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editVerb
editer
Uzbek
editOther scripts | |
---|---|
Yangi Imlo | |
Cyrillic | эр |
Latin | |
Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan) |
Etymology
editInherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.
Noun
editer (plural erlar)
Derived terms
editWelsh
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).[1]
Conjunction
editer
- although
- 2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
- Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.
- Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.
- 2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
- Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …
- I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …
Preposition
editer (triggers soft mutation)
- (literary) since
- Synonym: ers
- (archaic) in spite of, despite
- Synonym: er gwaethaf
- (archaic) in order to
- (archaic) for the sake of
- Synonym: er mwyn
- (obsolete) because of
- (obsolete) for, in exchange for
- Synonym: am
- (obsolete) resulting in
- (obsolete) through
Usage notes
edit- In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.
- Saif y castell yma er 1284.
- The castle has stood here since 1284.
- Y mae’r castell yn adfail er pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.
- The castle has been a ruin since the last king died.
- Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
- Mae’r castell yma ers canrifoedd.
- The castle has been here for centuries.
- In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.
Derived terms
edit- er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
- er gwaethaf (“despite”)
- ers (“since”)
Inflection
editEtymology 2
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
editer f (plural eriau)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd
Mutation
editradical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
---|---|---|---|
er | unchanged | unchanged | her |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
editWest Frisian
editPronoun
editer
- clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ɜː(r)
- Rhymes:English/ɜː(r)/1 syllable
- English lemmas
- English interjections
- English terms with quotations
- English verbs
- English informal terms
- English terms with collocations
- English terms with usage examples
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- en:Cyrillic letter names
- English filled pauses
- English two-letter words
- Afrikaans terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afrikaans terms with audio pronunciation
- Afrikaans lemmas
- Afrikaans nouns
- af:Latin letter names
- Alemannic German terms inherited from Old High German
- Alemannic German terms derived from Old High German
- Alemannic German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Alemannic German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Alemannic German lemmas
- Alemannic German pronouns
- Alemannic German personal pronouns
- Bavarian terms inherited from Middle High German
- Bavarian terms derived from Middle High German
- Bavarian terms inherited from Old High German
- Bavarian terms derived from Old High German
- Bavarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Bavarian lemmas
- Bavarian pronouns
- Bavarian personal pronouns
- Breton non-lemma forms
- Breton contractions
- Cimbrian terms inherited from Middle High German
- Cimbrian terms derived from Middle High German
- Cimbrian terms inherited from Old High German
- Cimbrian terms derived from Old High German
- Cimbrian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Cimbrian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Cimbrian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Cimbrian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Cimbrian lemmas
- Cimbrian pronouns
- Cimbrian personal pronouns
- Luserna Cimbrian
- Cornish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Cornish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Cornish lemmas
- Cornish prepositions
- Cornish terms inherited from Old Cornish
- Cornish terms derived from Old Cornish
- Cornish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Cornish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Cornish nouns
- Cornish masculine nouns
- Cornish terms inherited from Middle Cornish
- Cornish terms derived from Middle Cornish
- Cornish terms borrowed from Middle English
- Cornish terms derived from Middle English
- Cornish terms derived from Anglo-Norman
- Cornish terms derived from Latin
- kw:Anatomy
- Cornish non-lemma forms
- Cornish mutated nouns
- Cornish soft-mutation forms
- kw:Birds of prey
- kw:People
- Crimean Tatar lemmas
- Crimean Tatar adjectives
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech lemmas
- Czech nouns
- Czech indeclinable nouns
- Czech neuter nouns
- cs:Latin letter names
- Danish terms inherited from Old Danish
- Danish terms derived from Old Danish
- Danish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Danish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Danish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish non-lemma forms
- Danish verb forms
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch adverbs
- Dutch terms with usage examples
- Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Faroese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Faroese non-lemma forms
- Faroese verb forms
- Faroese terms with usage examples
- Gagauz terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Gagauz terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Gagauz terms with IPA pronunciation
- Gagauz lemmas
- Gagauz nouns
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:German/eːɐ̯
- Rhymes:German/eːɐ̯/1 syllable
- German terms with homophones
- German lemmas
- German pronouns
- German personal pronouns
- German terms with usage examples
- German terms with archaic senses
- German terms with quotations
- Hunsrik terms inherited from Old High German
- Hunsrik terms derived from Old High German
- Hunsrik terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Hunsrik terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Hunsrik 2-syllable words
- Hunsrik terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hunsrik lemmas
- Hunsrik pronouns
- Hunsrik personal pronouns
- Icelandic 1-syllable words
- Icelandic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Icelandic terms inherited from Old Norse
- Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse
- Icelandic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Icelandic terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Icelandic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Icelandic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Icelandic non-lemma forms
- Icelandic verb forms
- Icelandic terms with usage examples
- Icelandic lemmas
- Icelandic pronouns
- Icelandic relative pronouns
- Icelandic terms with archaic senses
- Icelandic conjunctions
- Icelandic terms with quotations
- Indonesian terms borrowed from Dutch
- Indonesian terms derived from Dutch
- Indonesian 1-syllable words
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian nouns
- id:Latin letter names
- Italian lemmas
- Italian articles
- Romanesco Italian
- Italian dialectal terms
- Jamtish non-lemma forms
- Jamtish verb forms
- Japanese terms borrowed from English
- Japanese terms derived from English
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese suffixes
- Japanese slang
- Japanese terms written in foreign scripts
- Kembra lemmas
- Kembra nouns
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin nouns
- Latin third declension nouns
- Latin masculine nouns in the third declension
- Latin masculine nouns
- Latin indeclinable nouns
- Latin feminine indeclinable nouns
- Latin feminine nouns
- la:Latin letter names
- Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latvian terms with audio pronunciation
- Latvian lemmas
- Latvian nouns
- Latvian masculine nouns
- Latvian indeclinable nouns
- Low German lemmas
- Low German pronouns
- Lower Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian nouns
- Lower Sorbian masculine nouns
- Lower Sorbian inanimate nouns
- dsb:Latin letter names
- Malay terms borrowed from English
- Malay terms derived from English
- Malay 1-syllable words
- Malay terms with IPA pronunciation
- Malay lemmas
- Malay interjections
- Malay terms with usage examples
- Mambae lemmas
- Mambae nouns
- Hanyu Pinyin
- Mandarin non-lemma forms
- Mandarin nonstandard forms
- Manx terms derived from Old Irish
- Manx terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Manx terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Manx lemmas
- Manx prepositions
- Manx non-lemma forms
- Manx prepositional pronouns
- Middle Dutch non-lemma forms
- Middle Dutch adverb forms
- Middle English terms inherited from Old English
- Middle English terms derived from Old English
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English adverbs
- Middle English determiners
- Middle English pronouns
- Middle English nouns
- Middle High German terms inherited from Old High German
- Middle High German terms derived from Old High German
- Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle High German lemmas
- Middle High German pronouns
- Mòcheno terms inherited from Middle High German
- Mòcheno terms derived from Middle High German
- Mòcheno terms inherited from Old High German
- Mòcheno terms derived from Old High German
- Mòcheno terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Mòcheno terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Mòcheno terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Mòcheno terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Mòcheno lemmas
- Mòcheno pronouns
- Mòcheno personal pronouns
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Bokmål non-lemma forms
- Norwegian Bokmål verb forms
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with usage examples
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Nynorsk non-lemma forms
- Norwegian Nynorsk verb forms
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with usage examples
- Norwegian Nynorsk auxiliary verbs
- Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Dutch lemmas
- Old Dutch prepositions
- Old Dutch conjunctions
- Old Dutch adverbs
- Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Frisian lemmas
- Old Frisian adverbs
- Old Frisian prepositions
- Old Frisian nouns
- Old Frisian feminine nouns
- Old High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old High German lemmas
- Old High German adjectives
- Old High German adverbs
- Old High German conjunctions
- Old High German prepositions
- Old High German nouns
- Old High German neuter nouns
- Old High German pronouns
- Old High German terms with quotations
- Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse pronouns
- Old Norse terms with quotations
- Old Norse conjunctions
- Old Norse terms with usage examples
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Norse terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-
- Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Norse
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Norse
- Old Norse non-lemma forms
- Old Norse verb forms
- Old Prussian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Prussian lemmas
- Old Prussian prepositions
- Old Saxon terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Saxon lemmas
- Old Saxon adjectives
- Old Saxon adverbs
- Old Saxon conjunctions
- Old Saxon prepositions
- Old Saxon nouns
- Old Saxon masculine nouns
- Old Tupi back-formations
- Old Tupi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Old Tupi/ɛɾ
- Rhymes:Old Tupi/ɛɾ/2 syllables
- Old Tupi lemmas
- Old Tupi adjectives
- Old Tupi IIa class adjectives
- Old Tupi pluriform adjectives
- Palauan lemmas
- Palauan prepositions
- Palauan terms with usage examples
- Pennsylvania German terms with IPA pronunciation
- Pennsylvania German lemmas
- Pennsylvania German pronouns
- Pennsylvania German personal pronouns
- Polabian terms borrowed from Middle Low German
- Polabian terms derived from Middle Low German
- Polabian lemmas
- Polabian nouns
- Polabian masculine nouns
- Polabian adverbs
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛr
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛr/1 syllable
- Polish non-lemma forms
- Polish noun forms
- Salar lemmas
- Salar nouns
- Salar terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Salar terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Salar adjectives
- Salar adverbs
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Saterland Frisian lemmas
- Saterland Frisian pronouns
- Saterland Frisian personal pronouns
- Scots non-lemma forms
- Scots verb forms
- Southern Scots
- Scots terms with usage examples
- Scots lemmas
- Scots nouns
- Shetland Scots
- Swedish contractions
- Swedish terms inherited from Old Swedish
- Swedish terms derived from Old Swedish
- Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse
- Swedish terms derived from Old Norse
- Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Swedish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish pronouns
- Swedish reflexive pronouns
- Swedish terms with usage examples
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Turkish/æɾ
- Rhymes:Turkish/æɾ/1 syllable
- Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish adjectives
- Turkish dialectal terms
- Turkish nouns
- Turkish non-lemma forms
- Turkish verb forms
- Uzbek terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Uzbek terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Uzbek lemmas
- Uzbek nouns
- uz:Human
- uz:Marriage
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh conjunctions
- Welsh terms with quotations
- Welsh prepositions
- Welsh literary terms
- Welsh terms with archaic senses
- Welsh terms with obsolete senses
- Welsh terms with usage examples
- Welsh nouns
- Welsh countable nouns
- Welsh feminine nouns
- cy:Latin letter names
- West Frisian non-lemma forms
- West Frisian pronoun forms