-лый

Russian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-lъ. Historically identical to the past tense suffix -л (-l).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɫɨj]

Suffix

-лый • (-lyj)

1. Suffix used to form adjectives, usually qualitative, from verbs and nouns.

   ‎сметь (smetʹ, “to dare”) + ‎-лый (-lyj) → ‎сме́лый (smélyj, “daring, audacious, brave, courageous”, short accent c')

   ‎круг (krug, “circle”) + ‎-лый (-lyj) → ‎кру́глый (krúglyj, “round”, short accent c')

   ‎хрип (xrip, “wheeze”) + ‎-лый (-lyj) → ‎хри́плый (xríplyj, “hoarse”, short accent a')

   ‎пух (pux, “fluff, originally breath”) + ‎-лый (-lyj) → ‎пу́хлый (púxlyj, “swollen, plump”, short accent c)

2. Suffix used to form primary qualitative adjectives from adjectival roots, which may occur without the suffix in related words.

   ки́слый (kíslyj, “sour”, short accent c') (compare ки́снуть (kísnutʹ, “to turn sour”))

   ту́хлый (túxlyj, “rotten and foul-smelling”, short accent c) (compare ту́хнуть (túxnutʹ, “to turn sour”))

Declension

Declension of -лый (short class cʹ)

		masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
nominative		-лый -lyj	-лое -loje	-лая -laja	-лые -lyje
genitive		-лого -lovo		-лой -loj	-лых -lyx
dative		-лому -lomu		-лой -loj	-лым -lym
accusative	animate	-лого -lovo	-лое -loje	-лую -luju	-лых -lyx
	inanimate	-лый -lyj			-лые -lyje
instrumental		-лым -lym		-лой, -лою -loj, -loju	-лыми -lymi
prepositional		-лом -lom		-лой -loj	-лых -lyx
short form		-л -l	-ло -lo	-ла́ -lá	-лы́, -лы -lý, -ly

• This suffix is not productive when forming primary adjectives, and may not be productive when forming adjectives from verbs and nouns.
• Adjectives with this suffix have short forms according to various accent patterns; types c', c and a' are the most common. Unlike -кий (-kij), the short forms are not reducible; no epenthetic vowel appears in the short masculine singular.

See also

• -кий (-kij)

Suffix

-лый • (-lyj)

1. Suffixed used to form adjectives from (normally intransitive) verbs with the meaning "having X'ed".

   ‎горе́ть (gorétʹ, “to burn (intransitive)”) + ‎-лый (-lyj) → ‎горе́лый (gorélyj, “burnt”)

   ‎блёкнуть (bljóknutʹ, “to fade”) + ‎-лый (-lyj) → ‎блёклый (bljóklyj, “faded”)

   ‎пре- (pre-) + ‎старе́ть (starétʹ, “to become old”) + ‎-лый (-lyj) → ‎престаре́лый (prestarélyj, “aged”)

Usage notes

Adjectives with this suffix have no short forms. Short forms do theoretically exist and will be of class a (-л, -ла, -ло, -лы), but are usually avoided due to their similarity to past-tense forms of the underlying verb.

Declension

Declension of -лый (unknown short forms)

		masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
nominative		-лый -lyj	-лое -loje	-лая -laja	-лые -lyje
genitive		-лого -lovo		-лой -loj	-лых -lyx
dative		-лому -lomu		-лой -loj	-лым -lym
accusative	animate	-лого -lovo	-лое -loje	-лую -luju	-лых -lyx
	inanimate	-лый -lyj			-лые -lyje
instrumental		-лым -lym		-лой, -лою -loj, -loju	-лыми -lymi
prepositional		-лом -lom		-лой -loj	-лых -lyx

See also

• -аный (-anyj), -ёный (-jónyj), -еный (-enyj) (used to form passive adjectives from transitive verbs)