Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwemaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷémt, from *gʷem-.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈkʷe.mɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*kwemaną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to come

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *kwemaną (strong class 4)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kwemō	*kwemaų	—	*kwemai	?
2nd singular	*kwimizi	*kwemaiz	*kwem	*kwemazai	*kwemaizau
3rd singular	*kwimidi	*kwemai	*kwemadau	*kwemadai	*kwemaidau
1st dual	*kwemōz	*kwemaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kwemadiz	*kwemaidiz	*kwemadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kwemamaz	*kwemaim	—	*kwemandai	*kwemaindau
2nd plural	*kwimid	*kwemaid	*kwimid	*kwemandai	*kwemaindau
3rd plural	*kwemandi	*kwemain	*kwemandau	*kwemandai	*kwemaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kwam	*kwēmį̄
2nd singular	*kwamt	*kwēmīz
3rd singular	*kwam	*kwēmī
1st dual	*kwēmū	*kwēmīw
2nd dual	*kwēmudiz	*kwēmīdiz
1st plural	*kwēmum	*kwēmīm
2nd plural	*kwēmud	*kwēmīd
3rd plural	*kwēmun	*kwēmīn

	present	past
participles	*kwemandz	*kumanaz

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *kweman, *kwuman, *kuman
- Old English: cuman
  - Middle English: comen, cumen
    - English: come, cum
      - Solombala English: комъ (kom)
    - Scots: cum
    - Yola: coome, come, cum
- Old Frisian: koma
  - North Frisian:
    Mooring: kaame
    Föhr-Amrum: kem
  - Saterland Frisian: kume
  - West Frisian: komme
- Old Saxon: kuman, queman, cuman
  - Middle Low German: kōmen, kommen, kamen
    - Low German: kamen
      - Dutch Low Saxon: kommen, kåmen
      - German Low German: komen
        Plautdietsch: kome
- Old Dutch: cuman
  - Middle Dutch: cōmen
    - Dutch: komen, kommen
      - Afrikaans: kom
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: kumu
      - Javindo: kom
      - Jersey Dutch: kôme
      - Negerhollands: kom
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: kum, com, come
    - Limburgish: kómme
- Old High German: queman, chueman, kuman, cuman, chuman
  - Middle High German: quemen, kemen, kümen, kumen, komen
    - Alemannic German: choo, cho, cha
      Italian Walser: cheemen, cheme, cho, chomu, chéeme
    - Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: khemmen, khèmman, ken
      Mòcheno: kemmen
      Udinese: ckeman, kèmmin, khemen
    - Central Franconian: komme, kumme; kun, kunn, konn, kunn, kuun, konn; kumme; komme
      Hunsrik: komme
    - German: kommen
    - Luxembourgish: kommen
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: kumme
    - Yiddish: קומען (kumen)
Old Norse: koma, kuma
- Icelandic: koma
- Faroese: koma
- Norn: cumma
- Norwegian Nynorsk: koma, komma; (dialectal) kobma, købma, kåmå, kømø
- Jamtish: kuma
- Elfdalian: kumå
- Old Swedish: koma, kuma
  - Swedish: komma
- Old Danish: komæ, kumæ, kommæ, kummæ, kumbæ
  - Scanian: komma
  - Danish: komme
    - Norwegian Bokmål: komme
      - → Norwegian Nynorsk: komme
- Gutnish: kumme, kumbe
Crimean Gothic: kommen
Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kweman- ~ *kuman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 316
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*kwemanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 227
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “KWEM-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 315

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kweman- ~ *kuman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 316

[Orel-2] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*kwemanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 227

[Seebold-3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “KWEM-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 315

[1]

[2]

[3]