Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/estь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *esti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Baltic cognates are Lithuanian ẽsti, ẽst, Old Prussian ast.

Indo-European cognates are Sanskrit अस्ति (ásti), Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (asti) Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (a-s-t-i-y /⁠astiy⁠/), Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒍣 (ēszi), Ancient Greek ἐστί (estí), Latin est, Proto-Germanic *isti.

Verb

*estь

1. third-person singular present active indicative of *byti

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: есть (estĭ), ѥ (je)
    • Russian: есть (jestʹ), ёсть (jostʹ)
    • Ukrainian: єсть (jestʹ), є (je)
    • Belarusian: ёсць (joscʹ), ё (jo)
  • Old Novgorodian: есть (estĭ), есте (este), е (e)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: ѥстъ (jestŭ), ѥ (je)
  • Bulgarian: е (e)
  • Macedonian: е (e), ести (esti) (dialectal), ет (et) (dialectal), јет (jet) (dialectal), је (je) (dialectal)
  • Serbo-Croatian:
    • Cyrillic script: је̏ст, је
    • Latin script: jȅst, je
  • Old Slovene: iezt, ieſt, geſt, ge, ie
    • Slovene: je
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: jest (ieſt/yeſt/geſt), jesti (ieſti/gieſti/geſti/gesty), je (ge/gye)
    • Czech: jest, je
  • Kashubian: je
  • Old Polish: jest, jeść, je
    • Polish: jest
  • Slovak: je
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: je
    • Lower Sorbian: jo

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “есть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “е”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress