je
Albanian edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
je
Bassa edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je
References edit
- Bassa-English Dictionary
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Blagar edit
Noun edit
je
References edit
- Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 173
Bourguignon edit
Alternative forms edit
- i (normal form)
Etymology edit
The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.
Pronoun edit
je
Related terms edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Inversion | Reflexive | Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
Locative (at) |
Genitive (of) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | me, m’ | moi | — | — | ||
Second | — | tu, t' | -tu | te, t’ | toi | — | — | |||
Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | le, l’ | lu | lu | y | en | |
Feminine | ale | la, l’ | lei | |||||||
Neuter | çai | -ce | çai | çai, çan | — | — | ||||
— | an | -an | — | — | soi | — | — | |||
Plural | First | — | i (rarely je) | -je | nos | — | — | |||
Second | — | vos | -vos | vos | — | — | ||||
Third | Masculine | ai, before vowels el | -ti | se, s’ | les | lor | lor | y | en | |
Feminine | ales |
Czech edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.[cs 1]
Pronoun edit
je
- third-person plural accusative of on
- third-person plural accusative of ona
- third-person singular/plural accusative of ono
See also edit
Etymology 2 edit
Formerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.[cs 1]
Verb edit
je
References edit
Dutch edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronoun edit
je
- subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
- Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
- objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
- Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
- Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?
- How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
- subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
- Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
- objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
- Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
- (indefinite personal pronoun, informal) one, people, you, someone, anyone; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object)
- Je mag hier niet zwemmen. ― Swimming is not allowed here.
- In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. ― There is great food to be had in that restaurant.
- 1995 May 23, Marleen Barth, “'Politiek moet leren luisteren naar scholen' ['Politicians must learn to listen to schools']”, in Trouw[1], page 4:
- „Als je als directeur ondernemend van aard bent en je kunt goed leidinggeven, dan ben je natuurlijk wel gelukkig met meer vrijheid. Maar dat geldt voor veel directeuren niet.(...)"
- "If a headteacher is entrepreneurial by nature and if he or she is a good manager, they'll obviously be happy with more freedom. But this does not apply to many headteachers.(...)"
- (personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences
- Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing. ― I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.
- 1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant[2], page 17:
- Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"
- About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"
- 2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant[3] (cartoon), retrieved 23 November 2022:
- Hoe gaat het nou?
Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hè- How are things?
Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?
- How are things?
Usage notes edit
- When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:
- Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.
- It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.
- In informal language, je often replaces jij, jou, and jouw, with those forms used for emphasis or contrast.
- Heb je aan je maat gevraagd of ’ie z’n boor voor je kan meenemen? — Ja, hij zei dat ik ’m daarna aan jou mag geven zodat jij ’m voor jouw klusje kunt gebruiken.
- Did you ask your mate to bring his drill for you? — Yes, he said I can give it to you afterwards so you can use it for your project.
Inflection edit
subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
Descendants edit
- Jersey Dutch: je
Etymology 2 edit
Determiner edit
je (second person, possessive)
- possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)
- Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.
- possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's
- Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.
Inflection edit
subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
Etymology 3 edit
Pronoun edit
je (second person, reflexive)
- reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself
- Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?
- reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves
- Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?
Inflection edit
subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
Esperanto edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
je
- An all-purpose preposition.
Usage notes edit
The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.
It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:
- "He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)
- "I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)
- "She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)
Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:
- Donu ĝin je [al] mi. — “Give it to me.”
- Donu ĝin je [el] mi. — “Give it from me.”
- Donu ĝin je [kun] mi. — “Give it with me.”
Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:
- La kato saltis je [sur] la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”
- La kato saltis je [malsuper] la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”
- La kato saltis je [malantaŭ] la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”
Related terms edit
Franco-Provençal edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronoun edit
je
- I (1SG subject pronoun)
References edit
- je in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
French edit
Etymology edit
From Middle French je, from Old French je, from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /ʒə/
- (informal) IPA(key): (before a voiced segment) /ʒ/, (before an unvoiced segment) /ʃ/
audio (file) - Rhymes: -ə
Pronoun edit
je (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)
Usage notes edit
- When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
- Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.
- We will go, Rose, you and I.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | moi | |
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | toi | ||
Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | lui | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||
Gender neutral5 | iel | lea | ellui | |||
Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | ||
Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | soi4 | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | nous | |
Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | vous2 | ||
Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | eux | |
Feminine | elles | elles | ||||
Gender neutral5 | iels | elleux |
- 1 Also used as the first person plural.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
- 3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
- 4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
- 5 Colloquial, and not in popular use.
Further reading edit
- “je”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Garo edit
Etymology edit
Likely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)
Pronoun edit
je
References edit
- Burling, R. (2003) The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon[4], Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56
German edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
je
- ever
- 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:
- Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.
- And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.
- per
- (with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the
- je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better
- je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better
Derived terms edit
- je länger je lieber (“the longer it lasts, the more I like it”)
- je nach
- je nachdem
Further reading edit
- “je” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
- Friedrich Kluge (1883) “je”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
Haitian Creole edit
Etymology edit
From earlier zye, from Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je
Icelandic edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Shortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).
Interjection edit
je
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Interjection edit
je
Etymology 3 edit
Noun edit
je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)
Declension edit
Synonyms edit
- (name of J, j): joð
Ido edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je (plural je-i)
- The name of the Latin script letter J/j.
See also edit
Igbo edit
Alternative forms edit
- jee (Onitsha)
Verb edit
je
Derived terms edit
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
From Dutch jee. Doublet of ye. Represented Dutch-derived J (pronounced /j/, modern Y) before 1972.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
jé
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
- (pre-1947, 1947-1972) Superseded spelling of ye.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet
Further reading edit
- “je” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Jersey Dutch edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
je
- you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)
Kari'na edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Cariban *ô, *jô; compare Apalaí je, Trió je, Wayana je, Waiwai yo, Akawaio ö, Macushi ye, Pemon ye, Ye'kwana yedü, dedü, Yao (South America) hoieelii.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je (possessed jery)
References edit
- Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary[5], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 285
- Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931) “ye”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 548; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes[6], Paris, 1956, page 537
Lashi edit
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
je
- more (comparative)
References edit
- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid[7], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
Lower Sorbian edit
Alternative forms edit
- nje (after a preposition)
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
je
- accusative of wóni
Malay edit
Etymology 1 edit
Phonetic spelling of ja in Johor-Riau Malay, clipping of sahaja or saja.
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
je
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
jé (plural je-je)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
Synonyms edit
See also edit
Marshallese edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je
References edit
Mbyá Guaraní edit
Particle edit
je
- indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.
Middle French edit
Pronoun edit
je
- Alternative form of ie
Middle Low German edit
Pronunciation edit
- Stem vowel: ê⁴
Pronoun edit
jê
- Alternative form of gî.
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Old East Norse jak.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
je (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)
See also edit
person | first person | second person | reflexive | third person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
case | singular | singular masculine | singular feminine | singular neuter | ||
nominative | eg, je1 | du | han | ho | det, dat2 | |
accusative | meg | deg | seg | han, honom2 | ho, henne2 | det, dat2 |
dative2 | meg | deg | seg | honom | henne | di2 |
genitive | min | din | sin | hans | hennar, hennes1 | dess3 |
case | plural | |||||
nominative | me, vi | de, dokker | dei | |||
accusative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | dei, deim2 | ||
dative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | deim2 | ||
genitive | vår, okkar | dykkar, dokkar | sin | deira, deires1 |
Old French edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronoun edit
je
- I
- c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
- qant je vos voi de tel meniere
- when I see you in such a state
Descendants edit
References edit
Polish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronoun edit
je
- accusative of one
- accusative of ono
See also edit
Etymology 2 edit
Verb edit
je
Etymology 3 edit
Verb edit
je
Saterland Frisian edit
Etymology edit
From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.
Pronunciation edit
Particle edit
je
References edit
Serbo-Croatian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Shortened from jȅst (“is”).
Verb edit
je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)
- is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))
Etymology 2 edit
Pronoun edit
je (Cyrillic spelling је)
Declension edit
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
nominative | ȏn | òna | òno | òni | òne | òna |
genitive | njȅga, ga | njȇ, je | njȅga, ga | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
dative | njȅmu, mu | njȏj, joj | njȅmu, mu | njȉma, im | njȉma, im | njȉma, im |
accusative | njȅga, ga, nj | njȗ, ju, je | njȅga, ga, nj | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — |
locative | njȅm, njȅmu | njȏj | njȅm, njȅmu | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
instrumental | njȋm, njíme | njȏm, njóme | njȋm, njíme | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
Slovak edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
je
Slovene edit
Pronunciation 1 edit
Verb edit
jȅ
Pronunciation 2 edit
Verb edit
jẹ́
Swahili edit
Pronunciation edit
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Particle edit
je
Usage notes edit
Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).
Adverb edit
-je
- A clitic placed at the end of a verb, meaning how.
- umelalaje?
- how did you sleep?
- umelalaje?
Ternate edit
Etymology edit
Clipping of waje.
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
je
- Alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)
- ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead
References edit
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Turkish edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J.
See also edit
Turkmen edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J.
Declension edit
Upper Sorbian edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
je
- third-person singular present of być
- Wón je zadołženy.
- He is in debt.
Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
je f (plural jeau, not mutable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter J.
See also edit
West Makian edit
Pronunciation edit
Numeral edit
je
- attaches to pronouns to form the dual
- ini je ― you two
- eme je ― they two
References edit
- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[8], Pacific linguistics