caraid

See also: càraid

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑɾˠədʲ/, /ˈkaɾˠədʲ/, (Cois Fharraige) [ˈkaːɾˠədʲ]

Noun

caraid

1. (archaic, dialectal) inflection of cara:
   1. dative singular
   2. nominative plural

Noun

caraid m (genitive singular carad, nominative plural cairde)

1. Connacht and Ulster form of cara (“friend”)

Declension

Declension of caraid (fifth declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative caraid cairde vocative a charaid a chairde genitive carad cairde dative caraid cairde forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an caraid na cairde genitive an charad na gcairde dative leis an gcaraid don charaid leis na cairde

The historical form a chara can also be used as the vocative.

Mutation

Mutated forms of caraid

radical	lenition	eclipsis
caraid	charaid	gcaraid

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “caraid”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *karāti (“to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂- (“to desire, wish”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkarɨðʲ]

Verb

caraid (conjunct ·cara, verbal noun serc or carthain)

1. to love
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23^d10

     nob·carad glosses uos desiderabat

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 56^b31

     Cía techtid nach aile ní ad·chobrai-siu ⁊ ní techtai-siu ón immurgu, ní étaigther-su immanísin, .i. ní ascnae ⁊ ní charae; is sí indala ch⟨í⟩all les isindí as emulari in sin.

     Though another may possess what you may desire and you may however not possess, you should not be jealous of that thing, i.e. you should not seek after and love it; that is one of the two meanings that he finds in emulari.

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 56^b39

     Ad·n‑amraigther .i. no·n‑étaigther .i. ad·cosnae són nó no·carae

     that you sg may admire, i.e. that you may emulate i.e. that you may strive after or love

Inflection

Simple, class A I present, s preterite, a future, a subjunctive

		1st sg	2nd sg	3rd sg	1st pl	2nd pl	3rd pl	passive sg	passive pl
present indicative	abs.	caraim		caraid			carait
	conj.	·caraim	·cari	·cara	·caram		·carat	·carthar	·cartar
	rel.			caras			cartae
imperfect indicative				nob·carad (with dummy particle no- and infixed pronoun b-)
preterite	abs.						carsait
	conj.						·carsat
	rel.
perfect	deut.	rot·charus (with infixed pronoun t-)		ro·car	rondob·carsam (with infixed pronoun dob- in a nasal relative clause)		ro·carsat
	prot.
future	abs.
	conj.			·cechra			·cechrat
	rel.
conditional		·cechrainn
present subjunctive	abs.		carae
	conj.		·carae	·chara; ·rochra (ro-form)			·carat
	rel.
past subjunctive
imperative				carad
verbal noun		serc; carthain
past participle
verbal of necessity		carthi

Descendants

• Irish: car

Mutation

Mutation of caraid

radical	lenition	nasalization
caraid	charaid	caraid pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “caraid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen [Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages] (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 481

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *keh₂-

Proto-Indo-European *-rós

Proto-Celtic *karos

Proto-Celtic *-āti

Proto-Celtic *karāti

Proto-Celtic *karants

Old Irish carae

Middle Irish cara

Scottish Gaelic caraid

From Middle Irish cara (“friend, relation”) (compare Irish cara, Manx carrey), from Old Irish carae (“friend, relation”), from Proto-Celtic *karants (“friend”), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂-ro-s (“dear”) (compare Latin cārus, English charity, whore).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kʰaɾɪtʲ/

Noun

caraid m (genitive singular caraid, plural càirdean or caraidean)

1. friend

   Bu tu fhèin an caraid is cha b’ e sin a h-uile caraid. ― You’re an extraordinary friend.

   Cha chall na gheibh caraid. ― It is no loss what a friend gains.

   Is e an caraid caraid na crùthaig. ― A friend (to one) in need is a friend indeed.

2. relative, cousin

Usage notes

• The vocative form is used when addressing people in correspondence:

  “A Charaid, ...” ― “Dear Sir, ...”

  “A Chàirdean, ...” ― “Dear Sirs, ...”

  “A Sheumais, a charaid, ...” ― “Dear James, ...”

Derived terms

• càirdeach (“related, kin”, adjective)
• càirdeas (“friendship”)
• càirdeil (“friendly”, adjective)

Mutation

Mutation of caraid

radical	lenition
caraid	charaid

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• Edward Dwelly (1911) “caraid”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎^[1], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN