jꜥb

Egyptian

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /iɑːb/
- Conventional anglicization: iab

Verb

3-lit. or 3ae inf.

(transitive) to unite, to put together (the limbs or bones of a dead person or Osiris)
(intransitive, in the stative) to be collected, assembled, to be all together (+ ḥnꜥ: to be united with)
(intransitive or reflexive) to unify, to unite, to assemble (+ ḥnꜥ: with)
(intransitive or reflexive, with n) to join (someone)
(transitive) to present (offerings or gifts) (+ n: to (someone))
(transitive) to give a gift to (someone) (+ m or ẖr: of (something)) [Greco-Roman Period]

Inflection

In the Old Kingdom, this verb conjugated as a strong triliteral verb:

Conjugation of jꜥb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥb, geminated stem: jꜥbb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
jꜥb	jꜥbw, jꜥb	jꜥbt	jꜥb	jꜥb

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
jꜥb	ḥr jꜥb	m jꜥb	r jꜥb

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	jꜥbw, jꜥb	consecutive	jꜥb.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	jꜥb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	jꜥbt
perfective³	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jꜥb	jꜥbb	potentialis¹	jꜥb.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jꜥb	jꜥb, jꜥbw⁵, jꜥby⁵
imperfective	jꜥb, jꜥby, jꜥbw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jꜥb, jꜥbj⁶, jꜥby⁶	jꜥb, jꜥbw⁵
prospective	jꜥb, jꜥbtj⁷	—	jꜥbtj⁴, jꜥbt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Since the Middle Kingdom, it instead became a third weak verb:

Conjugation of ꜥbj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: ꜥb, geminated stem: ꜥbb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
ꜥbt, ꜥbj	ꜥbw, ꜥb	ꜥbt, ꜥbwt, ꜥbyt	ꜥb	ꜥb, ꜥby

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
ꜥb⁸, ꜥbb⁸	ḥr ꜥbt, ḥr ꜥbj	m ꜥbt, m ꜥbj	r ꜥbt, r ꜥbj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥb.n	ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby	consecutive	ꜥb.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	ꜥb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	ꜥbt, ꜥbyt
perfective³	ꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	ꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	ꜥb, ꜥby	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	ꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby	ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby	potentialis¹	ꜥb.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	ꜥb, ꜥby	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	ꜥbw¹, ꜥby, ꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	ꜥb	ꜥby, ꜥb
imperfective	ꜥbb, ꜥbby, ꜥbbw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	ꜥbb, ꜥbbj⁶, ꜥbby⁶	ꜥbb, ꜥbbw⁵
prospective	ꜥbw¹, ꜥby, ꜥb, ꜥbtj⁷	—	ꜥbwtj^{1 4}, ꜥbtj⁴, ꜥbt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb

jꜥb

jꜥbj

ꜥbj

[Old Kingdom]

[Middle Kingdom]

in hieratic

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb

jꜥbj

ꜥbj

ꜥbꜣj

[New Kingdom]

[Greco-Roman Period]

Derived terms

Noun

m

bowl, especially a small bowl used for incense (attached to a censer’s handle) or a scribe’s water bowl

Inflection

Declension of jꜥb (masculine)

singular	jꜥb
dual	jꜥbwj
plural	jꜥbw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb

ꜥꜥb

ꜣꜥꜥbw

[New Kingdom]

[19th–20th Dynasty]

in hieratic

Verb

3-lit.

(transitive) to rake together and heap up (grain) with a pitchfork [Old Kingdom]

Inflection

Conjugation of jꜥb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥb, geminated stem: jꜥbb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
jꜥb	jꜥbw, jꜥb	jꜥbt	jꜥb	jꜥb

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
jꜥb	ḥr jꜥb	m jꜥb	r jꜥb

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	jꜥbw, jꜥb	consecutive	jꜥb.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	jꜥb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	jꜥbt
perfective³	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jꜥb	jꜥbb	potentialis¹	jꜥb.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	jꜥb	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jꜥb	jꜥb, jꜥbw⁵, jꜥby⁵
imperfective	jꜥb, jꜥby, jꜥbw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jꜥb, jꜥbj⁶, jꜥby⁶	jꜥb, jꜥbw⁵
prospective	jꜥb, jꜥbtj⁷	—	jꜥbtj⁴, jꜥbt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

ꜥbwt

References

“jꜥb (lemma ID 21680)”, “jꜥb (lemma ID 21670)”, and “jꜥb (lemma ID 21660)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 40.8–41.2, 174
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 10–11, 38, 40
James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 455, 457.