jꜥb

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /iɑːb/
  • Conventional anglicization: iab

Verb

 3-lit. or 3ae inf.

1. (transitive) to unite, to put together (the limbs or bones of a dead person or Osiris)
2. (transitive, in the stative) to be collected, assembled, to be all together (+ ḥnꜥ: to be united with)
3. (intransitive or reflexive) to unify, to unite, to assemble (+ ḥnꜥ: with)
4. (transitive or reflexive with n) to join (someone)
5. (transitive) to present (offerings or gifts) (+ n: to (someone))
6. (transitive) to give a gift to (someone) (+ m or ẖr: of (something)) [Greco-Roman Period]

Inflection

In the Old Kingdom, this verb conjugated as a strong triliteral verb:

Conjugation of jꜥb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥb, geminated stem: jꜥbb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jꜥb	jꜥbw, jꜥb	jꜥbt	jꜥb	jꜥb

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jꜥb	ḥr jꜥb	m jꜥb	r jꜥb

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	jꜥbw, jꜥb	consecutive	jꜥb.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jꜥbt
perfective3	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jꜥb	jꜥbb	potentialis1	jꜥb.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜥb	jꜥb, jꜥbw5, jꜥby5
imperfective	jꜥb, jꜥby, jꜥbw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜥb, jꜥbj6, jꜥby6	jꜥb, jꜥbw5
prospective	jꜥb, jꜥbtj7	—	jꜥbtj4, jꜥbt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Since the Middle Kingdom, it instead became a third weak verb:

Conjugation of jꜥb (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: ꜥb, geminated stem: ꜥbb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥbt, ꜥbj	ꜥbw, ꜥb	ꜥbt, ꜥbwt, ꜥbyt	ꜥb	ꜥb, ꜥby

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥb8, ꜥbb8	ḥr ꜥbt, ḥr ꜥbj	m ꜥbt, m ꜥbj	r ꜥbt, r ꜥbj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥb.n	ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby	consecutive	ꜥb.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜥbt, ꜥbyt
perfective3	ꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜥb, ꜥby	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby	ꜥbw, ꜥb, ꜥby	potentialis1	ꜥb.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜥb, ꜥby	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥb.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜥbw1, ꜥby, ꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥb	ꜥby, ꜥb
imperfective	ꜥbb, ꜥbby, ꜥbbw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥbb, ꜥbbj6, ꜥbby6	ꜥbb, ꜥbbw5
prospective	ꜥbw1, ꜥby, ꜥb, ꜥbtj7	—	ꜥbwtj1 4, ꜥbtj4, ꜥbt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb  

jꜥb	jꜥb	jꜥb	jꜥb	ꜥb
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]
				in hieratic

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb  

jꜥb	jꜥb	jꜥb	ꜥb	ꜥb	ꜥb	ꜥbꜣ
[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]

Derived terms

• jꜥb ẖꜣt
• ꜥb ḫt
• m ꜥb

Noun

 m

1. bowl, especially a small bowl used for incense (attached to a censer’s handle) or a scribe’s water bowl

Inflection

Declension of jꜥb (masculine)

singular	jꜥb
dual	jꜥbwj
plural	jꜥbw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥb  

ꜥꜥb	ꜣꜥꜥbw
[New Kingdom]	[19th–20th Dynasty]
	in hieratic

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to rake together and heap up (grain) with a pitchfork [Old Kingdom]

Inflection

Conjugation of jꜥb (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥb, geminated stem: jꜥbb

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jꜥb	jꜥbw, jꜥb	jꜥbt	jꜥb	jꜥb

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jꜥb	ḥr jꜥb	m jꜥb	r jꜥb

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	jꜥbw, jꜥb	consecutive	jꜥb.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jꜥbt
perfective3	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jꜥb.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jꜥb	jꜥbb	potentialis1	jꜥb.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jꜥb.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jꜥb	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜥb	jꜥb, jꜥbw5, jꜥby5
imperfective	jꜥb, jꜥby, jꜥbw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜥb, jꜥbj6, jꜥby6	jꜥb, jꜥbw5
prospective	jꜥb, jꜥbtj7	—	jꜥbtj4, jꜥbt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• ꜥbwt

References

• “jꜥb (lemma ID 21680)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “jꜥb (lemma ID 21670)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “jꜥb (lemma ID 21660)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[4], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 40.8–41.2
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 10–11, 38
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 455.