prj

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *par-/*pir- (“to go out”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈpiːɾit/ → /ˈpiːɾiʔ/ → /ˈpiːɾa/ → /ˈpiːɾə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpiːɾit/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpiːɾiʔ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpiːɾa/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈpiːɾə/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /pɛri/
  • Conventional anglicization: peri

Verb

 3ae inf.

1. (intransitive) to emerge, to come out, to come forth, to go forth (+ m: from; + r: to, into (a place), against (someone); + n: to (someone); + ḥr: through (a door))
   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19:

     pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f

     He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.

2. (intransitive, of besieged people) to come out, to surrender
3. (intransitive, Late Egyptian, of land) to emerge or reappear after a flood, to no longer be flooded
4. (intransitive) to escape (+ m or ẖr: from (fire, custody, danger in war, etc.))
5. (intransitive) to ascend, to go up (+ r: to (a place); + tp or r tp: onto; + ḫr or n: to (someone); + r, m, or ḥr: up (a stairway))
   • c. 2289 BCE – 2255 BCE, Pyramid Texts of Pepi I — west wall of the antechamber, line 22–23, spell 474.4–474.5:

     
     

     pr.f r.f jr pt mm sbꜣw mm j.ḫmw-skj ꜣt ppy tp.f šꜥt.f r gswj.f ḥkꜣw.f jr rd[wj.f]

     So he goes forth to the sky among the stars, among the circumpolar stars, with Pepi’s striking-power atop him, his viciousness at his sides, and his magic at his feet.

6. (intransitive, of celestial bodies, gods, kings, and the dead) to appear, to emerge, to manifest (+ m: from, out of)
7. (intransitive, of fire, voices, wind, storms, etc.) to break out, to burst forth, to emerge
8. (intransitive) to be divinely created, to emerge (+ m: by, from (a god), from (a body part of a god))
9. (intransitive) to be born (+ m: from (a person, a god, a belly, an egg, etc.))
10. (intransitive, of goods, with m) to originate in (a place), to have one’s source or origin in
11. (intransitive, of goods and offerings) to be produced, supplied, provided (+ m: by, from (a place); + n: to (someone))
12. (intransitive, of people and names) to become well known, renowned, to come to stand out
    • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.12–2.1:

      jmj pr rn.k jw gr.k m r(ꜣ).k njs.t(w).k

      Let your reputation emerge, even as you stay quiet with your mouth when you are summoned.

13. (intransitive, mathematics) to be subtracted

Inflection

Conjugation of prj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: pr, geminated stem: prr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural prt, prj prw, pr prt, prwt, pryt pr pr, pry ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 pr8, prr8 ḥr prt, ḥr prj m prt, m prj r prt, r prj suffix conjugation aspect / mood active contingent aspect / mood active perfect pr.n consecutive pr.jn terminative prt, pryt perfective3 pr obligative1 pr.ḫr imperfective pr, pry prospective3 prw, pr, pry potentialis1 pr.kꜣ subjunctive pr, pry verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active active passive perfect pr.n — — perfective prw1, pry, pr pr pry, pr imperfective prr, prry, prrw5 prr, prrj6, prry6 prr, prrw5 prospective prw1, pry, pr, prtj7 prwtj1 4, prtj4, prt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine. 8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of prj  

prj	prj	prj	prj	prj	prj	prj
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Late Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]
				abbreviation

Derived terms

• prj ẖr
• pr-m-ws
• pr-snt
• prt
• prt-ḫrw
• rw nw prt m hrw
• stẖ-pr-jb.sn

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ⲫⲓⲣⲓ (phiri)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲡⲉⲓⲣⲉ (peire)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /pɛri/
  • Conventional anglicization: peri

Noun

 m

1. battlefield

Inflection

Declension of prj (masculine)

singular	prj
dual	prjwj
plural	prjw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of prj  

prj	ptrj	ptr
		[Greco-Roman Period]

References

• “pri̯ (lemma ID 60920)” and “prj (lemma ID 60990)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 518–525.6, 532.1
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 90–91
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 145.