| Gloss |
Proto-Chimakuan
|
| generalizing base connoting existence |
*ʔá-
|
| chief |
*ʔák̍ʷit
|
| mountain |
*ʔáʔaxit
|
| naked |
*ʔaláq̍ʷa
|
| to make, to do |
*ʔali-
|
| food, to feed |
*ʔalit-
|
| my sibling |
*ʔáliʔs
|
| waves, choppy sea |
*ʔl̍-
|
| my grandparent |
*ʔamáʔas
|
| to leave, abandon |
*ʔilax̣a-
|
| to sweep |
*ʔiq̍ʷ
|
| many, much |
*ʔixʷ-(i)
|
| generalizing base yielding locatives and partitives |
*ʔó-
|
| house |
*ʔot̍i-tikʷ(i)
|
| nose |
*-os
|
| to bleed, blood |
*can-
|
| to move, run around |
*caw-
|
| to dig |
*caqʷ-
|
| egg |
*cickʷa-
|
| gum |
*ci̇́xaʔ
|
| it's straight |
*ci̇́xaʔV
|
| waterfall |
*ci̇́x̣aʔ
|
| move, go |
*cots-
|
| when |
*-c̍
|
| negation, 'no, not' |
*c̍a-
|
| clothes, blanket |
*-c̍a
|
| diminutive suffix, 'a little, small' |
*-c̍a
|
| I cry |
*c̍aksaʔli
|
| shut tight, covered |
*c̍ap-
|
| water |
*-c̍i, *-c̍o
|
| to dive |
*c̍ilak̍-
|
| up, above |
*c̍ilV́ w̍á
|
| ground, world, universe |
*c̍iq̍át-
|
| high, above |
*c̍ixiɬV
|
| ground, floor |
*-c̍o
|
| hewn wood |
*c̍okʷ-
|
| come |
*hakʷo-
|
| good, well, pretty, handsome, delicious |
*hak̍ʷi-
|
| tree |
*hám̍aʔa
|
| to cover |
*hap̍il
|
| tired |
*haq̍a-
|
| to pack, carry on back |
*haq̍ʷ-
|
| to fall down, go down |
*haw-
|
| deer |
*hawayisqa (?)
|
| to breathe |
*hax̣ál
|
| generalizing base connoting identification or particularity |
*hi-
|
| stem connoting kinship |
*hi̇́c-
|
| grouse |
*himhi̇́m
|
| pigeon |
*him̍o
|
| father |
*hi̇́na
|
| daughter-in-law |
*hóqɬ
|
| to finish |
*hoya-
|
| hook |
*kam̍-
|
| to hang |
*kan-
|
| to hide |
*kan̍-
|
| parent's sister, aunt |
*káy̍is-
|
| to kick, dance |
*kici̇́lV
|
| to say, tell |
*-kina
|
| dog (probably wool-bearing type) |
*kináno
|
| across |
*kita-
|
| legend, story |
*kixti-
|
| to help |
*ki̇́y̍a-
|
| I hit, beat |
*k̍ác̍illi (?)
|
| stone |
*k̍áλ̍a, k̍át̍ia
|
| my younger sibling |
*k̍an̍i̇́s
|
| to be ashamed |
*k̍asa-
|
| snow |
*k̍i̇́ʔ-
|
| belly |
*-k̍i
|
| Roosevelt elk |
*ki̇́kiɬ
|
| lazy |
*k̍ik̍iti-
|
| every |
*k̍itaʔ-
|
| to tie up, bind |
*k̍iy̍a-
|
| finger |
*kʷant
|
| adopted |
*kʷas-
|
| demonstrative |
*kʷiʔV
|
| having an eye open |
*kʷikʷ-i-
|
| to lie down |
*kʷikʷ-i-c̍óʔti-
|
| large |
*kʷikʷo-
|
| six |
*kʷi̇́ɬas
|
| down, below |
*kʷiyó w̍á
|
| moving water |
*kʷiw̍a
|
| warm, cooked |
*kʷyaɬa-
|
| father's brother, uncle |
*kʷyaq-
|
| canoe |
*-kʷo
|
| full |
*kʷok̍ʷi-
|
| dead, gravely ill |
*kʷol-
|
| down, blow |
*kʷoló w̍á
|
| my wife |
*kʷoɬis
|
| spruce cone (?) |
*kʷoyóqʷos
|
| leg |
*k̍ʷiɬ
|
| to die, dead, to smite dead |
*k̍ʷiq-
|
| to steal |
*k̍ʷot-
|
| certain, truth, really |
*k̍ʷóys-
|
| dry |
*k̍ʷoyxʷa
|
| deceased |
*-k̍ʷyayi
|
| to lick |
*lakʷi-
|
| to travel |
*laq̍a
|
| slimy |
*laqʷa-
|
| to walk, foot |
*law̍-
|
| to eat |
*-lax̣
|
| song, to sound like something |
*-layo
|
| face |
*-li
|
| to forget |
*limi-
|
| I go ashore |
*liti̇́ʔ-
|
| dizzy, spinning around |
*li̇́xʷa-
|
| canoe |
*-lo
|
| general possessive and ordinal suffix |
*-lo
|
| hole, cave, tunnel |
*loq̍ʷa-
|
| to shake |
*l̍aq̍ʷo-
|
| near, toward |
*l̍ay̍-
|
| intensifying particle, 'indeed' |
*ɬa
|
| in the woords |
*ɬálow̍wto
|
| hair, feathers |
*ɬap-
|
| eye |
*ɬaq̍ʷo (?)
|
| behind |
*ɬawo-
|
| two |
*ɬaw̍
|
| face, leaf |
*-ɬi
|
| to tie |
*ɬikʷi-
|
| trail, road |
*-ɬimt
|
| tongue |
*-ɬito
|
| child |
*-ɬk̍ʷa
|
| strong |
*ɬomi-
|
| to spit |
*ɬoxʷ
|
| warrior |
*ɬóxʷa
|
| fish scales |
*λ̍act-
|
| nettle(s) |
*λ̍álap, t̍ɬálap
|
| bed |
*λ̍ap-
|
| swell up |
*λ̍aqʷ-
|
| to get up |
*λ̍axʷ-
|
| to sit down |
*λ̍ay̍-
|
| hard |
*λ̍i̇́ka-
|
| (blue) green |
*λ̍i̇́q̍aʔ-
|
| feathers |
*λ̍óʔot-
|
| break |
*λ̍oq̍ʷ-
|
| hard |
*λ̍óx̣ʷa
|
| wet |
*maʔi
|
| chipmunk |
*mácmac
|
| I'm thirsty |
*mác̍il?li
|
| to meet |
*maq̍ʷo-
|
| four |
*máy̍as
|
| hair |
*mi̇́ɬkʷ
|
| large, great |
*mitsk̍a
|
| thin, fine |
*moc-
|
| sleep |
*m̍aɬ-
|
| to smell, nose |
*m̍as-
|
| to lift, heavy |
*m̍as-
|
| beyond |
*m̍aq-
|
| to boil |
*m̍óʔal (?)
|
| to fetch fire |
*naʔso
|
| buttocks (female) |
*-nac
|
| prepare |
*nikʷa
|
| bird |
*ni̇́noʔs
|
| bark |
*niq̍-
|
| skin |
*-nis
|
| arrow |
*-nis
|
| tail, back |
*-nosq̍ʷa
|
| flat |
*paɬ-
|
| mouth, speak |
*pil-
|
| to know, understand |
*piɬ-
|
| light, moon, sun, sky |
*pit̍-, *p̍it-, *p̍ikʷi-
|
| white |
*pix-
|
| person, Indian |
*póʔoqʷo
|
| to blow |
*poxʷ-
|
| braids |
*p̍acix̣V
|
| pipe |
*p̍aq-
|
| to float |
*p̍ax̣ʷa-
|
| to fill, full |
*p̍iλ̍a- (p̍it̍ɬa- ʔ)
|
| seeː *pit̍- |
*p̍it-, *p̍ikʷ-
|
| to fall apart |
*p̍oλ̍-
|
| in front |
*qal-
|
| people in a canoe |
*-qal
|
| paddle |
*qam̍-
|
| just now, and then |
*qati-
|
| medicine |
*qátil
|
| grandchild |
*qáxʷoli-
|
| rapids |
*-qc̍
|
| in a manner |
*-qɬ
|
| day, season |
*-qtiya
|
| bone |
*q̍a-
|
| pull in a direction |
*q̍aɬ-
|
| white |
*q̍am-
|
| circular |
*q̍an-
|
| to bite, spit out (?) |
*q̍aq-
|
| to cut off square |
*q̍atsi-
|
| to swallow |
*q̍aw-
|
| to tie a knot |
*q̍i-
|
| berry, fruit |
*q̍i̇́c̍a
|
| hand hurts |
*q̍ist̍ay-
|
| broken down |
*q̍iy-
|
| made for a purpose |
*-qʷa
|
| three |
*qʷál̍V
|
| roast, cook |
*qʷaɬ-
|
| summer |
*qʷáy̍ato
|
| how many |
*qʷóʔoc
|
| where |
*qʷóʔokʷ
|
| instrument |
*-qʷoɬ
|
| to hear (?) |
*-qʷoq̍ʷa-
|
| to tear, split |
*q̍ʷiq-
|
| to extend |
*q̍ʷay-
|
| back |
*-q̍ʷay
|
| seeː *xʷaq̍ʷ- |
*q̍ʷixʷa-
|
| neck |
*-q̍ʷos
|
| to pursue |
*sak-
|
| to fell a tree |
*sam̍i-
|
| to laugh |
*saya-
|
| sleep |
*-si
|
| cedar bark |
*sik̍ʷó-
|
| face |
*-sil
|
| water |
*-sina
|
| mosquito |
*sinakʷiqʷoɬ
|
| hair |
*-sini
|
| wing |
*-skiyit
|
| fire |
*-so
|
| roof |
*sów̍at
|
| bladder |
*sóxʷal-
|
| sour |
*soyóxʷ-
|
| fire |
*-spa
|
| remainder |
*-stik
|
| nominalizer |
*-t
|
| day |
*-ta
|
| female |
*taɬ-
|
| a long time |
*taɬ
|
| heart, intelligence |
*taɬ
|
| half |
*taɬ-
|
| who |
*taqa, taqi-
|
| to chop |
*taqʷó
|
| to kill |
*táti-
|
| contiguous day |
*táwiɬ-
|
| in front |
*taw̍
|
| bow |
*táxʷ-ɬ-
|
| to jump |
*tik̍-
|
| to kindle a fire |
*tik̍a-
|
| heavy, full |
*ti̇́la
|
| instrument |
*-tin, -tan
|
| to do |
*-tis
|
| winter |
*ti̇́tat
|
| to carry |
*tixʷi-
|
| in the house |
*tiwa-
|
| man, male |
*tiy̍aɬ-
|
| dull |
*tom̍-
|
| to bind up |
*topa-
|
| possessive for body parts |
*-tot
|
| fire drill, drill |
*tots-
|
| canoe |
*-tq
|
| heart |
*-tqay̍
|
| to shake |
*tsosa-
|
| to buy, sell |
*t̍akʷi-, *takʷo-
|
| middle, half |
*t̍akʷi-
|
| missing, crave, want |
*t̍aɬ-
|
| straighten up, out |
*t̍am-
|
| tail |
*-t̍an̍aq
|
| to crawl |
*t̍aqal
|
| to miss one's aim |
*t̍aq-
|
| hot |
*t̍ax̣-
|
| hand |
*-t̍ay
|
| to cut |
*-t̍ay
|
| to feel, taste, smell, sense |
*t̍ik-
|
| to jump |
*t̍ik̍-
|
| rope |
*t̍ikʷ-
|
| taste, good-tasting |
*-t̍ina
|
| head |
*-t̍ikʷ
|
| name |
*t̍i̇́soqʷoɬ
|
| young |
*t̍sin-
|
| negation, 'no, not' |
*wa
|
| to split |
*wakʷi-
|
| one |
*waɬ-, *wiɬ-, *wi̇́-
|
| woman |
*wisac̍opat
|
| in that place |
*w̍á
|
| to whistle |
*xʷapáʔa
|
| dry |
*xʷaq̍ʷ- (?)
|
| relative by marriage after the link is dead |
*xʷixʷi-
|
| low in pressure, easy |
*xʷónaʔV
|
| to carve |
*xʷopa-
|
| to freeze, ice |
*x̣ákaʔ
|
| to make an incision |
*x̣al-
|
| to eat, drink |
*-x̣axʷi
|
| shoulder |
*-x̣ay̍it
|
| parent-in-law |
*x̣ʷayislo-
|
| tree, wood |
*ya-
|
| my niece, nephew |
*yápilitis
|
| prairie |
*yáqʷo
|
| snake |
*yáyw̍a (?)
|
| out on the beach, in front |
*yáxʷoɬV
|
| attenutive infix, 'a little' |
*-yi-
|
| dead, ghost |
*yil-, *-yil
|
| dollar |
*-yixit
|
| to look for, get, collect |
*-ʔalixʷi-
|
| chest |
*-camɬ-
|
| hum, noise |
*c̍an-
|
| old |
*-c̍ayi
|
| to fish with a pole |
*c̍ayoq
|
| onomatopoetic term, 'squeal' |
*c̍inikʷa
|
| female (having to do with reproduction) |
*-c̍o
|
| to shake |
*c̍oxʷ-
|
| weave (?), materials for weaving (?) |
*hokʷ-
|
| to hammer |
*k̍ax-
|
| heel |
*-k̍iɬ-
|
| to be crooked, have a protuberance |
*k̍opaʔ-
|
| weak from sickness or hunger (?) |
*kʷica-
|
| stomach |
*kʷiqin (?)
|
| to arrive by canoe |
*kʷol-
|
| to fly |
*kʷyakʷya-
|
| get lost, go wrong |
*liko-, *lika- (?)
|
| to flow from the source |
*lól̍o
|
| outside |
*lot-
|
| to run |
*l̍ita- (?)
|
| old |
*ɬim- (?)
|
| alder |
*λ̍ic-, *λixic (?)
|
| breast (female) |
*máqas (?)
|
| claw, fingernail |
*m̍aɬ-
|
| to bob, nod |
*naq- (?)
|
| frighten |
*naw-a
|
| enough |
*pan- (?)
|
| hole |
*paxʷ (?)
|
| tears, to cry |
*qaʔt-
|
| snuggled inside |
*qap-
|
| stream (?) |
*q̍a-
|
| hair |
*q̍a-, q̍a (?)
|
| to peep |
*q̍a-
|
| small |
*q̍at̍in- (?)
|
| chew |
*q̍ik̍ʷo-, q̍ikʷi-
|
| grey with age |
*q̍ʷáyti-
|
| stomach |
*siq̍ʷo-
|
| to vanquish |
*tip-
|
| throat, upper chest |
*tomi-
|
| having to do with the mind and perceiving (?) |
*t̍akʷi-
|
| to hit a target |
*t̍akʷi-
|
| to sit on |
*t̍aq-
|
| mist, fog |
*xʷaʔ
|
| to hit |
*xʷac-
|
| cold |
*xʷiy-, *xʷoy-
|
| movement |
*-x̣ (?)
|
| to bite |
*-x̣ic-
|
| go out and return |
*yakʷi-
|
