Appendix:Proto-Purus reconstructions
Proto-Proto-Purus reconstructions:[1]
Carvalho (2020) edit
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Purus | Yine | Apurinã | Iñapari |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | body | *-mane | -mane | -mane | maná-ʔa-ti |
| 2 | head | *-kɨwɨ | -çiwɨ | -kɨwɨ | hɨwɨ́-ti |
| 3 | eye | *-hokɨ | hi-hoçi ‘face’ | -okɨ | ohɨ-tí |
| 4 | ear hole | *-kena-ko | -çnako-pna | -kenako-kɨ | hanáʔo-ti |
| 5 | hair/feather | *-piti | -pici | -piti | piʧi-tí |
| 6 | mouth | *-nama | -nama | -nama | namá-ti |
| 7 | lip | *-potu | hi-ʃa-pto ‘beard’ | -poto | potu-maʧá-ti |
| 8 | beard | *-sia-potu | hi-ʃa-pto ‘beard’ | ʃiãpoto | ijapotú-ti |
| 9 | tongue | *-nenɨ | hi-nnɨ | -nɨnɨ | není-pa-ti |
| 10 | nose | *-kiri | hi-çri | -kiri | hirí-ti |
| 11 | bone | *-hapɨ | hi-hapɨ | -apɨ | apɨ-tí |
| 12 | back | *-takɨ | hi-tçi | - | ʧahɨ́-ti |
| 13 | breast | *-tenɨ | tnɨ-ʧi | -tenɨ | -ʧini |
| 14 | nipple | *-tenɨ-kɨ | - | -tenɨ-kɨ | ʧiní-hɨ-ti |
| 15 | chest | *-turu- | - | -toro-ta | turú-ʧa-ti |
| 16 | heart | *-hakɨ | -haç-ʧi, r-açi | -(h)ãkɨ-pa | ahɨ́-pa-ti |
| 17 | liver | *-hupana | hi-hopna | -opana | upaná-ti |
| 18 | blood | *-hɨra-ha | hi-hraha, hran-ʧi | -(h)erẽka | ɨráá-ti |
| 19 | flesh | *-hɨtɨ | hi-hitɨ | - | ɨʧi-tí |
| 20 | veins | *-kutsa | hi-kotsa | -kotsa | uta-tí |
| 21 | buttocks | *-mutu | hi-moto, mot-ʧi | - | mutu-tí |
| 22 | leg | *-tapari | hi-tpali ‘his thigh’ | - | ʧaparí-ti |
| 23 | thigh | *-puri | - | -pori-ke | purí-na-ti |
| 24 | knee | *-sukɨ | hi-soçi | - | uhɨ́-ʧa-ti |
| 25 | shin | *-paru | hi-palo-çi | - | parú-ti |
| 26 | foot | *-kiti | hi-çici | -kiti | hiʧí-pa-ti |
| 27 | arm | *-kano | -kano | -kano | ano-he-tí |
| 28 | elbow | *-hitsu | hitso-he-re | - | hitu-ré-hɨ-ti |
| 29 | hand | *-muju | hi-mjo, mjo-ʧi | -pio | mujú-ti |
| 30 | neck | *-nu- | hi-no-çi, no-ʃ-ʧi | -no-kɨ; -no-pi | nu-pi-tí |
| 31 | skin | *-mata | hi-mta | -mata | maʧá-ti |
| 32 | navel | *-puru | hi-plo | - | purú-hɨ-ti |
| 33 | tail | *-si-pi | hi-nʃi, nʃi-ʧi | -ʃipi | ipi-tí |
| 34 | wing | *-mekɨ | hi-meçi | -mekɨ | mehɨ́-ʧa-pi-ti |
| 35 | egg | *-nakɨ | hi-naçi | nakɨ | a-nahɨ-rɨ́ |
| 36 | feces | *-tika | rɨ-ʧka | tika-ti | ri-ʧiʔá-ma |
| 37 | fart | *-ɨkɨnɨ | hiçnɨ-ʧi, r-ɨçnɨ | - | ɨhɨnɨ́-ti |
| 38 | urine | *-tsɨnɨ-ha | -tsɨnha | -tsɨnãa | tɨnɨ́-ti |
| 39 | fat | *-ihi | ç-hi-rɨ ‘greasy’ < *ka-ihi-rɨ | ĩĩ | - |
| 40 | name | *-hɨwaka | -hiwaka, hiwak-ʧi | -(h)iwãka | ɨwáʔa-ti |
| 41 | house | *-pana | pan-ʧi | - | pana-tí |
| 42 | village | *-puku | pok-ʧi | -awa-poko | i-púʔú-ri |
| 43 | nest | *sijari | hi-ʃale | - | ijári-ti |
| 44 | path | *hatɨnɨ | hatnɨ-hapo, r-atnɨ-hapo-te | - | haʧiní |
| 45 | path | *-hapO | hatnɨ-hapo | -ãpo-rɨ | - |
| 46 | bow | *tapu | [hi]tpo | tapo | ʧapú-ri |
| 47 | arrow | *kasiri | kaʃri | - | haári |
| 48 | rope | *-tsa | hi-tsa | -tsa | i-tá |
| 49 | canoe | *kanawa | kanawa | kanawa | anawá |
| 50 | raft | *pɨmarɨ | pɨmlɨ | - | pɨmári |
| 51 | person | *kakɨtɨ | kaçitɨ | kãkɨtɨ | ahɨ́ʧi |
| 52 | spirit/soul | *kama-ti | kamʧi | kamaʧi | amáti |
| 53 | man | *kekɨ | çeçi | kɨkɨ | ehɨ́ |
| 54 | woman | *sɨtiO | sɨco | sɨto | - |
| 55 | father | *-hɨrɨ | r-ɨrɨ, hir-ʧi | -ɨrɨ | ɨrɨ́-ti |
| 56 | father | *patɨ | patɨ | patɨ | - |
| 57 | mother | *-ɨnɨru | r-ɨnro | -ɨnɨro | ɨnɨrú-ti |
| 58 | mother | *natu | nato | natú | |
| 59 | son | *-tɨrɨ | hi-tɨrɨ | - | tɨrɨ́-ti |
| 60 | daughter | *-situ | rɨ-ʃiʧo | - | itú-ti |
| 61 | grandson | *-mekani-rɨ | hi-mekahji | -mekaɲi-rɨ | meʔani-rí-si-ti |
| 62 | granddaughter | *-mekani-ro | to-mekahjo | -mekaɲi-ro | meʔani-ró-hɨ-ti |
| 63 | father-in-law | *-himatukɨ- | himatçi-rɨ, himatçi-r-ʧi | -imatɨkɨ-rɨ | imatuhɨtí-ri |
| 64 | mother-in-law | *-himakɨ- | himaçi-ro, himaçi-r-ʧi | - | imahɨ-tí-ro |
| 65 | nephew/niece | *-parikare- | palikle-rɨ | - | pariʔare-ró-ti; pariʔare-rí-ti |
| 66 | younger brother | *-epɨ-rɨ | r-epɨrɨ | -epɨrɨ | epɨrɨ́-hɨ-ti |
| 67 | younger sister | *-epɨ-ro | r-epɨro | - | epɨro-hɨ́-ti |
| 68 | grandmother | *-akɨro | r-açiro | -akɨro | ahɨró-ti |
| 69 | grandfather | *-atukɨrɨ | r-atçirɨ | -atokɨrɨ | atuhɨrɨ́-ti |
| 70 | pet | *-pɨra | pra-ʧi | -pɨra | - |
| 71 | paca (rodent sp.) | *kajatɨ | kajatɨ | kajatɨ | ajáʧi |
| 72 | capybara | *hipetɨ | hipetɨ | - | hipeʧí |
| 73 | rat | *kutsi | koʧi | koʧi | utí |
| 74 | agouti | *pekiri | peçri | pekiri | pehirí |
| 75 | coati | *kapisiri | kapʃi | kapiʃi | apíí |
| 76 | peccary (sp.) | *meriti | mrici ‘sajino’ | meriti ‘peccary’ | meríʧi ‘sajino’ |
| 77 | peccary (sp.) | *hirarɨ | hijalɨ ‘jabalí’ | irarɨ ‘large wild pig’ | hirári ‘jabalí’ |
| 78 | anteater | *sɨwa | sɨwa | - | hɨwá |
| 79 | tapir | *kema | çema | kema | hamá |
| 80 | capuchin monkey | *tsikutɨ | ʧkotɨ ‘mono machín’ | ʧikotɨ ‘Cebus apella’ | tiʔuʧí ‘mono machín’ |
| 81 | howler monkey | *kaina | kina ‘mono coto’ | kiɲa ‘Alouatta seniculus’ | aína ‘mono coto’ |
| 82 | sloth | *makara | - | makara | maʔára |
| 83 | snake | *hɨmenɨ | himnɨ | ɨmɨnɨ | himení |
| 84 | boa | *mapitsiri | mapʧiri | - | mapitíri |
| 85 | alligator | *kajukɨrɨ | kʃijoçrɨ | kajukɨrɨ | ajúhɨrɨ |
| 86 | turtle | *sɨpɨrɨ | sɨprɨ | sɨp̃ ɨrɨ | hipɨ́rɨ |
| 87 | ant | *katsitɨ | kaʧiʧi | kaʧitɨ | atíʧi |
| 88 | isula (ant sp.) | *manahi | manahi | maɲii | maneí̃ |
| 89 | termite | *kamara | kamla | kamara | amará-hɨ |
| 90 | wasp | *sanɨ | sanɨ | sanɨ | haní |
| 91 | mosquito | *haniju | hahjo | aɲiio | hanijú |
| 92 | bee/honey | *mapa | - | mapa | mapaá |
| 93 | fly | *kerɨ | çerɨ | - | herí-si |
| 94 | butterfly | *katatu | katato | katatɨ | aʧatú |
| 95 | cockroach | *tsopata | - | tsopata | topaʧa |
| 96 | spider | *pɨtahana | pɨthana | - | pɨʧaána |
| 97 | scorpion | *hekuru | heklo | - | heʔurú |
| 98 | tick | *kuparɨ | koplɨ | - | upári |
| 99 | louse | *-kepa | hi-çepa | - | hapá-ti |
| 100 | worm | *tsomi | tsomi | tsomi | tomí |
| 101 | worm | *kenɨ | çnɨ-ʧi | kẽʧi | uri-héni; ti-héni |
| 102 | fish (generic) | *sima | ʃima | ʃima-kɨ | himá |
| 103 | piraña (fish sp.) | *huma | homa | (h)oma | humá |
| 104 | crab | *jutúro | jotlo | - | jutúro |
| 105 | bat | *siju | ʃjo | ʃijo-kɨ | hijú-hɨ |
| 106 | bird (sp.) | *majurɨ | majlɨ ‘gallinazo’ | majorɨ | majúri ‘buitre blanco’ |
| 107 | bird (sp.) | *hireka | hijeka ‘paujil’ | irẽka ‘mutum’ | hiréʔa ‘paujil’ |
| 108 | bird (sp.) | *hititi | hicici | - | hiʧiʧí |
| 109 | hummingbird | *siwejúrɨ | ʃwejlɨ | - | hiwejúri |
| 110 | duck | *hupai | hopʃi | opai | hupaí |
| 111 | eagle | *kukui | - | kokoi | uʔuí |
| 112 | owl | *musa | mosa | musa | muá̃ |
| 113 | tree | *haha-mɨna | hahmɨna | ãamɨna | haámɨna |
| 114 | palm (sp.) | *kuna | kona | kona-kɨ | úna |
| 115 | cane | *katsarɨ | katslɨ | - | atarí |
| 116 | branch | *-purɨ | hi-plɨ | -porɨ | purí |
| 117 | wood, stick | *-ke | hi-çe | -ke | ano-he-tí ‘antebrazo’ |
| 118 | seed | *-kɨ | hi-çi | -kɨ | -raná-hɨ |
| 119 | shell/husk | *-pata | hi-pata | - | (hisí) páʧa ‘cáscara de maíz’ |
| 120 | flower | *-hɨwɨ*ka-hɨwɨ-rɨ | hi-hwɨ; kahwɨrɨ | ɨ̃ɨ̃wɨ, (h)ɨ̃wɨ | aáwɨ́rɨ |
| 121 | leaf | *ka-sɨre-rɨ | hi-sɨre, ka-sɨre-rɨ | - | aɨ́reri |
| 122 | coca | *katsuparɨ | - | katsuparɨ | atuparí |
| 123 | sweet potato | *kɨparɨ | çipalɨ | kɨparɨ | hɨpári |
| 124 | bitter manioc | *kanɨrɨ | kanrɨ | - | anɨrɨ́ |
| 125 | manioc | *kimeka | çimeka | - | himeʔá |
| 126 | maize | *si-kɨ | ʃiçi | - | hisí |
| 127 | smoked (meat) | *hurutɨ | holotɨ | - | hurúʧi |
| 128 | pepper | *kumarɨ | komlɨ | - | umarí |
| 129 | achiote | *hapɨkɨrɨ | hapiçrɨ | ãpɨkɨrɨ | hapísíri |
| 130 | medicine | *pini | pin-re | piɲi | pini-tí-ri |
| 131 | sun | *atukatsi | tkaʧi | atokaʧi | tuʔatí |
| 132 | moon | *kasɨrɨ | ksɨrɨ | kasɨrɨ | aɨrɨ́ |
| 133 | night | *jatsi | jeʧ-no | - | játi |
| 134 | yesterday | *kapeta | kapet-hohne | - | apeʧá |
| 135 | wind | *hitima | - | ĩtima | hiʧíma |
| 136 | rainbow | *kɨsi | kʃi | kɨsi | - |
| 137 | lake | *hɨpu-ha | hipowha | ɨpowã | hipuã |
| 138 | water | *hunɨ | honɨ | - | huní |
| 139 | rain | *hina | hina | - | hiná |
| 140 | fire/firewood | *tsitsi | ʧiʧi | - | tití |
| 141 | fire/firewood | *pawa | no-pawa, paw-ʧi | - | páwa ‘brasa’ |
| 142 | hole | *-pɨna | hi-pna | - | a-pɨna-rí |
| 143 | stone | *sutarɨ | sotlɨ | - | huʧárí-sí |
| 144 | pain | *katsinu- | kaʧino-lɨ | - | atinu-rí |
| 145 | to be/have | *-awa | r-awa | -awa | r-awa-ma |
| 146 | to arrive | *-apuka | hapok-lɨ, r-apoka | -apoka | r-apúʔa-ma |
| 147 | to come | *-ɨna | r-ɨna | -ɨna | r-ɨ́na-ma |
| 148 | to return | *-satuka | satok-lɨ | - | i-atuʔa-pa-má |
| 149 | to walk | *-jana | jan-rɨ, jana | -jana | i-janá-ma |
| 150 | to pass | *-kunuha | rɨ-knoha | - | rɨ-ʔunṹa-ma |
| 151 | to step | *-akapa- | h-akap-ʃo-lɨ | - | r-aʔapa-á-ma |
| 152 | to grow | *-tserɨ-ta | i-tserɨ-wa-ta | - | i-terí-ʧa-ma |
| 153 | to sing | *-sika- | -ʃika-l-wa-ta | -ʃika | - |
| 154 | to eat | *-nika | -nika | -ɲika (trans.) | i-niʔá-ma |
| 155 | to swallow | *-nikuru-ka | -niklok-lu | - | i-niʔuruʔa-má-ri |
| 156 | to say | *-tsina | ʧin-rɨ, -ʧina | - | i-tiná-ma |
| 157 | to speak | *-tukanV- | -tokanɨ-wa-ta | - | ri-tuʔána-ma |
| 158 | to command | *-jukana | jokan-rɨ | - | i-juʔana-má-ri |
| 159 | to call | *-tuma-ha | tomha-lɨ | - | i-tumáá-ri |
| 160 | to breathe | *-nani | hi-nni- | - | i-naní-ma |
| 161 | to wash | *-kipa | - | kipa | i-hipá-ma-ri |
| 162 | to wash | *-erOka | t-erka-lɨ | eroka | - |
| 163 | to swim | *-hano-ha | hanoh-lɨ, r-anoha-ta | -noã-ta | r-ano-ʔa-má |
| 164 | to bath | *-ka | -ka-wa | - | i-ʔáá-ma |
| 165 | to plant/put | *-taka | rɨ-tak-lɨ | -taka ‘to put’ | rɨ-ʧaʔa-ma |
| 166 | to dig | *-sɨtu | sito-t-lɨ | - | i-hɨtú-ma |
| 167 | to peel | *-taraha- | talha-lɨ | - | i-ʧaraa-má-ri |
| 168 | to hear | *-kema | -çema, -çem-lɨ | -kema-ko | i-hama-má |
| 169 | to see | *-eta | r-et-lɨ | -eta[ma] | r-eʧá-ra-ma |
| 170 | to learn | *-ɨma-ta | r-ɨma-ta- | - | r-ɨma-ʧa- |
| 171 | to fear | *-pika | -pika | -pika | i-piʔá-ma |
| 172 | to sleep | *-ɨmaka | r-ɨmka | -ɨmaka | r-ɨmɨʔá-ma |
| 173 | to lie down | *-kurɨ-ha | hi-klɨh-lɨ | - | rɨ-ʔuri-a-ma |
| 174 | to die | *-ɨpɨna | hipna-lɨ, r-ɨpna | ɨpɨ-̃ pe | r-ɨpɨná-ma |
| 175 | to kill | *-hOka | rɨ-hka-lɨ | -oka | - |
| 176 | to cook | *-wara | hi-wla-lɨ | - | rɨ-wara-má-ri |
| 177 | to roast | *-kuta | kota-çi-t-lɨ | - | i-ʔuʧa-má-ri |
| 178 | to grind | *-juki | joç-rɨ | - | juhi-rí |
| 179 | to fetch | *-apa | r-apa-t-lɨ | -apa | r-apa-ʧí-má-ri |
| 180 | to sew | *-jutsa-ha | jotsha-lɨ | - | i-jutãã-rá-ma |
| 181 | pregnant | *-mɨsi- | ka-mʃi-ro, mɨʃi-w-lɨ | -miʃi | amirú |
| 182 | hungry | *natsi | naʧi | naʧi | natí |
| 183 | shy | *-pate- | pate-wa-ta | -pate-ta | a-pate-rí |
| 184 | hot | *hame- | hame-t-lɨ | - | hame-má-ri |
| 185 | cold | *ka-ʧikare | ka-ʧikle-rɨ | -ʧĩkare; ka-ʧĩka-re-rɨ | - |
| 186 | wet | *potseja- | potsja-lɨ | - | potejá-má-ri |
| 187 | dry | *puperi- | popri-ri | - | puperí-má-ri |
| 188 | new | *herutɨ | herotɨ | - | herúʧi |
| 189 | heavy | *pO-hɨno-rɨ | hinolɨ | - | pɨɨ́norɨ |
| 190 | above | *teno | teno | - | téno |
| 191 | below | *rapɨ- | rapɨ[ko] | - | rapɨ[ʧa] |
| 192 | core/middle | *-anika-kɨ | r-anika-çi-te | - | aniʔa-hɨ |
| 193 | two | *hepi | hepi | epi | hepí |
| 194 | three | *mapa | mapa | - | mapá |
| 195 | cl.liquid | *-ha | hi-ha | -ã | ã- |
| 196 | cl.cylindrical | *-pi | -pi | - | -pi |
| 197 | gender.masc | *-rɨ | -rɨ ~ -lɨ | -rɨ | -rɨ |
| 198 | gender.fem | *-ro | -ro ~ -lo | -ro | -ro |
| 199 | progressive | *-nanɨ | -nanɨ | -nanɨ | - |
| 200 | iterative | *-naka | -t-naka | - | -naʔa |
| 201 | intensive | *-jaka | jaka | - | -jaʔa |
| 202 | intensifier | *-putɨ | potɨ | - | -puʧi |
| 203 | caus/verblzr | *ka- | ka- | ka- | a- |
| 204 | adjectivizer | *pO- | po- | *po- | *po-/*pu- |
| 205 | verbalizer | *-ta | -ta ‘verb stem closure’ | -ta ‘verbalizer’ | -ʧa[hi] ‘causative’ |
| 206 | absolute | *-tsi | -ʧi | -ʧi | -ti |
References edit
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. A Comparative Reconstruction of Proto-Purus (Arawakan) Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics.