être
Bourbonnais-BerrichonEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old French estre, from Latin sum.
VerbEdit
être
- to be
ConjugationEdit
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Conjugation of the verb être in Bourbonnais-Berrichon — Conjugaison dou varbe être en bourbonnoés-berrichon| infinitive | être | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | étant | ||||||
| auxiliary | être | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | étâ | étée | |||||
| plural | étâ | étée | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | i | tu (t') | i (il), èle, soé, ça | nous (n') | ous | i (il), èles | |
| present | su | es | ét | sons | essez | sont | |
| imperfect | essi | essôs | essôt | essians | essiez | essiant | |
| preterite | fus | fus | fut | fumes | fûtes | furont | |
| future | serai | seras | sera | serons | serez | seront | |
| conditional | seri | seris | serit | serions | seriez | seriont | |
| subjunctive | que je (j') | que tu (t') | qu'ai (el), qu'ale | que je (j') | que vos | qu'ai (el), qu'ales | |
| present | siye | siyes | siye | siyons | siyez | siyont | |
| imperfect | fusse | fusses | fusse | fussions | fussiez | fussiont | |
| imperative | — | tu | — | je (j') | vos | — | |
| present | siye | siyons | siyez | ||||
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle French estre, from a merger of two verbs:
- Old French ester, from Latin stō (“stand, be situated”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. This verb supplied imperfect forms that once originally supplied by forms in ier-/er- (also as the future stems due to analogy with future forms containing -r-) in Old French. The forms with initial ét- derive from this verb.
- Old French estre, from Latin sum (“be”). This verb was irregular also in Latin, and derives from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- for the forms beginning with f- (see more at fuī), and *h₁es- for the remainder.
- Instead of forming expected *esse from Latin esse (the infinitive form of sum), it has been regularized by adding third conjugation ending -ere, resulting on *essere. Many others also follow this development.
- The first-person singular indicative present form suis seems to be derived from *suī, a modified form of fuī by replacing f- with s-.
- The first-person plural indicative present form sommes is conflated from Latin sumus and Vulgar Latin *esmus (confer Old French esmes, modified from estis (“second-plural indicative present form”), related to êtes).
- Some forms of estre are from conflation of Vulgar Latin *essere and sedēre (infinitive of sedeō (“I sit”)), later sounds similar and resulted on *seēre. The forms with initial soi- and ser- derive from these verbs.
- The present subjunctive forms are from sedeō and develop independently, but -e- in the third-person singular is replaced by -t in Old French (similar to Modern French avoir), but later -e- is completely removed from singular forms. The deletion of -e- is also similarly once happened in the third-person singular imperfect form in Old French (-oie, -oies, -oit). This is likely due to the subjunctive imperfect suffixes -ât/-ît/-ût.
See cognates in regional languages in France: Bourguignon étre, Champenois ètre, Norman ête, Gallo ête, Picard ète, Franco-Provençal étre, Occitan èsser and estar, Corsican esse.
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /ɛtʁ/
Audio (France, West) (file) - (Quebec) IPA(key): [aɛ̯tχ]
Audio (Quebec, Montreal) (file) - (Louisiana) IPA(key): /ɛtrə/, /dɛt/
- Rhymes: -ɛtʁ
- Homophones: aitre, aitres, aître, aîtres, êtres, hêtre, hêtres
- Hyphenation: être
VerbEdit
être
- to be
- Vous devez être plus clairs.
- You must be clearer.
- (auxiliary) Used to form the perfect and pluperfect tense of certain verbs (including all reflexive verbs)
- Après être allé au yoga, je suis rentré chez moi.
- After having gone to yoga, I came back home.
- (auxiliary) to be (Used to form the passive voice)
- Il peut être battu ce soir.
- He could be beaten this evening.
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of être (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | être | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | étant /e.tɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | été /e.te/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | suis /sɥi/ |
es /ɛ/ |
est /ɛ/ |
sommes /sɔm/ |
êtes /ɛt/ |
sont /sɔ̃/ |
| imperfect | étais /e.tɛ/ |
étais /e.tɛ/ |
était /e.tɛ/ |
étions /e.tjɔ̃/ |
étiez /e.tje/ |
étaient /e.tɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | fus /fy/ |
fus /fy/ |
fut /fy/ |
fûmes /fym/ |
fûtes /fyt/ |
furent /fyʁ/ | |
| future | serai /sə.ʁe/ |
seras /sə.ʁa/ |
sera /sə.ʁa/ |
serons /sə.ʁɔ̃/ |
serez /sə.ʁe/ |
seront /sə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | serais /sə.ʁɛ/ |
serais /sə.ʁɛ/ |
serait /sə.ʁɛ/ |
serions /sə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
seriez /sə.ʁje/ |
seraient /sə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | sois /swa/ |
sois /swa/ |
soit /swa/ |
soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ |
soyez /swa.je/ |
soient /swa/ |
| imperfect2 | fusse /fys/ |
fusses /fys/ |
fût /fy/ |
fussions /fy.sjɔ̃/ |
fussiez /fy.sje/ |
fussent /fys/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | sois /swa/ |
— | soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ |
soyez /swa.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is only usable with the preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Conjugation of s’être (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | s’être | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | s’être + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | s’étant /se.tɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant or étant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | été /e.te/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | me suis /mə sɥi/ |
t’es /tɛ/ |
s’est /sɛ/ |
nous sommes /nu sɔm/ |
vous êtes /vu.z‿ɛt/ |
se sont /sə sɔ̃/ |
| imperfect | m’étais /me.tɛ/ |
t’étais /te.tɛ/ |
s’était /se.tɛ/ |
nous étions /nu.z‿e.tjɔ̃/ |
vous étiez /vu.z‿e.tje/ |
s’étaient /se.tɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | me fus /mə fy/ |
te fus /tə fy/ |
se fut /sə fy/ |
nous fûmes /nu fym/ |
vous fûtes /vu fyt/ |
se furent /sə fyʁ/ | |
| future | me serai /mə sə.ʁe/ |
te seras /tə sə.ʁa/ |
se sera /sə sə.ʁa/ |
nous serons /nu sə.ʁɔ̃/ |
vous serez /vu sə.ʁe/ |
se seront /sə sə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | me serais /mə sə.ʁɛ/ |
te serais /tə sə.ʁɛ/ |
se serait /sə sə.ʁɛ/ |
nous serions /nu sə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
vous seriez /vu sə.ʁje/ |
se seraient /sə sə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of s’être + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of s’être + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of s’être + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of s’être + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of s’être + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | me sois /mə swa/ |
te sois /tə swa/ |
se soit /sə swa/ |
nous soyons /nu swa.jɔ̃/ |
vous soyez /vu swa.je/ |
se soient /sə swa/ |
| imperfect2 | me fusse /mə fys/ |
te fusses /tə fys/ |
se fût /sə fy/ |
nous fussions /nu fy.sjɔ̃/ |
vous fussiez /vu fy.sje/ |
se fussent /sə fys/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of s’être + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of s’être + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | sois-toi /swa.twa/ |
— | soyons-nous /swa.jɔ̃.nu/ |
soyez-vous /swa.je.vu/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of s’être + past participle | — | simple imperative of s’être + past participle | simple imperative of s’être + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is only usable with the preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
See alsoEdit
NounEdit
être m (plural êtres)
Related termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “être” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
LorrainEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old French estre, from Latin sum.
VerbEdit
être
- to be
ConjugationEdit
Conjugation of être in Lorrain| infinitive | être, estre, yêtre, yestre | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | estant, étant, atant | ||||||
| auxiliary | estre/être or aivoir | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | estu, étu | estue, étue | |||||
| plural | estus, étus | estues, étues | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | je (j') | tu | el, elle | nos | vos | el, elles | |
| present | seu, seue, seus, seui, soï, sue | as, os | ôt, ât | estans, étans, atans, sans, sons | âtes, atez, étez, étoz, ôtes, sons | sant, sont | |
| distant imperfect (from Latin er-) | ère | ères | ère | înens | înens | înent | |
| distant imperfect (from Latin stab-) | estoie, étoie, étoe, éto, étos, éteue, étaie, étais | estois, étois, étos, éteus, étais | estoit, étoit, étot, était | estins, étins, étains | estins, étins, étains | estint, étint, étaint | |
| near imperfect | estoyor, estoisor, étor, étosor, étaisor | estoisor, étosor, étaisor | estoitor, étotor, étaitor | estinor, étinor, étainor | estinor, étinor, étainor | estintor, étintor, étaintor | |
| preterite | feus | feus | feut | feurens, feussens, feuhhens, funs | feurens, feussens, feuhhens, feustes | feurent, feussent, feuhhent, feustent | |
| future | serâ | serais | serai | serons | seroz | seront | |
| conditional | seroie, seraie, seros, sereue | serois, seros, sereus | seroit, serot | serînens, serins | serînens, serins | serînent, serint | |
| subjunctive | que je / qu'i | que tu | qu'â (al), qu'ale | que je / qu'i | que vos | qu'âs, qu'ales | |
| present | soye, saye, seue, estesse, atesse, éteuhhe | soyes, sayes, seues, estesses, atesse, éteuhhes | soye, saye, sot, soit, estesse, atesse, éteuhhe | sinssens, estinssens, atinssens, étinssens, étinhhens | sinssens, estinssens, atinssens, étinssens, étinhhens | sinssent, estinssent, atinssent, étinssent, étinhhent | |
| imperfect | feusse, feuhhe | feusses, feuhhes | feusse, feuhhe | feussens, feuhhens | feussens, feuhhens | feussent, feuhhent | |
| imperative | — | tu | — | nos | vos | — | |
| present | (soye, saye, sos, seus) | — | — | ||||
NormanEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (Jersey) (file)
VerbEdit
être