être

Bourbonnais-BerrichonEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old French estre, from Latin sum.

VerbEdit

être

to be

ConjugationEdit

Conjugation of the verb être in Bourbonnais-Berrichon — Conjugaison dou varbe être en bourbonnoés-berrichon

		singular			plural
infinitive			être
gerund			étant
auxiliary			être
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		étâ		étée
		plural		étâ		étée
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		i	tu (t')	i (il), èle, soé, ça	nous (n')	ous	i (il), èles
	present	su	es	ét	sons	essez	sont
	imperfect	essi	essôs	essôt	essians	essiez	essiant
	preterite	fus	fus	fut	fumes	fûtes	furont
	future	serai	seras	sera	serons	serez	seront
	conditional	seri	seris	serit	serions	seriez	seriont

subjunctive		que je (j')	que tu (t')	qu'ai (el), qu'ale	que je (j')	que vos	qu'ai (el), qu'ales
	present	siye	siyes	siye	siyons	siyez	siyont
	imperfect	fusse	fusses	fusse	fussions	fussiez	fussiont

imperative		—	tu	—	je (j')	vos	—
	present		siye		siyons	siyez

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle French estre, ultimately from a merger of Latin esse (“to be”) and stare (“to stand”). Some forms additionally derive from sedēre (“to sit”).

Further information

Old French ester, from Latin stō (“stand, be situated”), supplied imperfect forms that once originally supplied by forms in ier-/er- (also as the future stems due to analogy with future forms containing -r-) in Old French. The forms with initial ét- derive from this verb.
Old French estre, from Latin sum (“be”), was a highly irregular verb also in Latin, and derives from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- for the forms beginning with f- (see more at fuī), and *h₁es- for the remainder.
- Instead of forming expected *esse from Latin esse (the infinitive form of sum), it has been regularized by adding third conjugation ending -ere, resulting on *essere. Many others also follow this development.
- The first-person singular indicative present form suis seems to be derived from *suī, a modified form of fuī by replacing f- with s-.
- The first-person plural indicative present form sommes is conflated from Latin sumus and Vulgar Latin *esmus (compare Old French esmes, modified from estis (“second-plural indicative present form”), related to êtes).
Some forms of estre are from conflation of Vulgar Latin *essere and sedēre (infinitive of sedeō (“I sit”)), later sounds similar and resulted on *seēre. The forms with initial soi- and ser- derive from these verbs.
- The present subjunctive forms are from sedeō and develop independently, but -e- in the third-person singular is replaced by -t in Old French (similar to Modern French avoir), but later -e- is completely removed from singular forms. The deletion of -e- is also similarly once happened in the third-person singular imperfect form in Old French (-oie, -oies, -oit). This is likely due to the subjunctive imperfect suffixes -ât/-ît/-ût.

Cognates in regional languages in France include Bourguignon and Franco-Provençal étre; Champenois ètre; Norman and Gallo ête; Picard ète; Occitan èsser; Corsican esse. Other Romance cognates include Italian essere, and some forms of Portuguese and Spanish ser.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /ɛtʁ/
- Audio (Paris) [ɛtχ] (file)
- Rhymes: -ɛtʁ
IPA^(key): /ɛːtʁ/ (older, now chiefly Belgium and Canada)
- Audio (Montreal) [aɛ̯tχ] (file)
- Audio (France, West) [ɛːtχ] (file)
(Louisiana) IPA^(key): /ɛtrə/, /dɛt/
Homophones: aître, aîtres, êtres (general), hêtre, hêtres (aspirated)
Hyphenation: être

VerbEdit

être

to be
Vous devez être plus clairs.
You must be clearer.
(auxiliary) Used to form the perfect and pluperfect tense of certain verbs (including all reflexive verbs)
Après être allé au yoga, je suis rentré chez moi.
After having gone to yoga, I came back home.
(semi-auxiliary) to be (Used to form the passive voice)
Il peut être battu ce soir.
He could be beaten this evening.

ConjugationEdit

Conjugation of être (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	compound	avoir + past participle
infinitive	simple	être
present participle or gerund¹	simple	étant /e.tɑ̃/
present participle or gerund¹	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		été /e.te/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	suis /sɥi/	es /ɛ/	est /ɛ/	sommes /sɔm/	êtes /ɛt/	sont /sɔ̃/
	imperfect	étais /e.tɛ/	étais /e.tɛ/	était /e.tɛ/	étions /e.tjɔ̃/	étiez /e.tje/	étaient /e.tɛ/
	past historic²	fus /fy/	fus /fy/	fut /fy/	fûmes /fym/	fûtes /fyt/	furent /fyʁ/
	future	serai /sə.ʁe/	seras /sə.ʁa/	sera /sə.ʁa/	serons /sə.ʁɔ̃/	serez /sə.ʁe/	seront /sə.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	serais /sə.ʁɛ/	serais /sə.ʁɛ/	serait /sə.ʁɛ/	serions /sə.ʁjɔ̃/	seriez /sə.ʁje/	seraient /sə.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior²	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	sois /swa/	sois /swa/	soit /swa/	soyons /swa.jɔ̃/	soyez /swa.je/	soient /swa/
(simple tenses)	imperfect²	fusse /fys/	fusses /fys/	fût /fy/	fussions /fy.sjɔ̃/	fussiez /fy.sje/	fussent /fys/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
(compound tenses)	pluperfect²	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	~~nous~~	~~vous~~	–
simple		—	sois /swa/	—	soyons /swa.jɔ̃/	soyez /swa.je/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
¹ The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
² In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Conjugation of s'être (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	compound	s'être + past participle
infinitive	simple	s'être
present participle or gerund¹	simple	s'étant /se.tɑ̃/
present participle or gerund¹	compound	ayant or étant + past participle
past participle		été /e.te/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	me suis /mə sɥi/	t'es /tɛ/	s'est /sɛ/	nous sommes /nu sɔm/	vous êtes /vu.z‿ɛt/	se sont /sə sɔ̃/
	imperfect	m'étais /me.tɛ/	t'étais /te.tɛ/	s'était /se.tɛ/	nous étions /nu.z‿e.tjɔ̃/	vous étiez /vu.z‿e.tje/	s'étaient /se.tɛ/
	past historic²	me fus /mə fy/	te fus /tə fy/	se fut /sə fy/	nous fûmes /nu fym/	vous fûtes /vu fyt/	se furent /sə fyʁ/
	future	me serai /mə sə.ʁe/	te seras /tə sə.ʁa/	se sera /sə sə.ʁa/	nous serons /nu sə.ʁɔ̃/	vous serez /vu sə.ʁe/	se seront /sə sə.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	me serais /mə sə.ʁɛ/	te serais /tə sə.ʁɛ/	se serait /sə sə.ʁɛ/	nous serions /nu sə.ʁjɔ̃/	vous seriez /vu sə.ʁje/	se seraient /sə sə.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of s'être + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle
	past anterior²	past historic of s'être + past participle
	future perfect	future of s'être + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of s'être + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	me sois /mə swa/	te sois /tə swa/	se soit /sə swa/	nous soyons /nu swa.jɔ̃/	vous soyez /vu swa.je/	se soient /sə swa/
(simple tenses)	imperfect²	me fusse /mə fys/	te fusses /tə fys/	se fût /sə fy/	nous fussions /nu fy.sjɔ̃/	vous fussiez /vu fy.sje/	se fussent /sə fys/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of s'être + past participle
(compound tenses)	pluperfect²	imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	~~nous~~	~~vous~~	–
simple		—	sois-toi /swa.twa/	—	soyons-nous /swa.jɔ̃.nu/	soyez-vous /swa.je.vu/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of s'être + past participle	—	simple imperative of s'être + past participle	simple imperative of s'être + past participle	—
¹ The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
² In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived termsEdit

Pages starting with “être”.

Related termsEdit

ester

NounEdit

être m (plural êtres)

being, creature
(uncountable) being, the state or fact of existence
- 1943, Jean-Paul Sartre, L'Être et le néant.

Related termsEdit

être humain

LorrainEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old French estre, from Latin sum.

VerbEdit

être

to be

ConjugationEdit

Conjugation of être in Lorrain

		singular			plural
infinitive			être, estre, yêtre, yestre
gerund			estant, étant, atant
auxiliary			estre/être or aivoir
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		estu, étu		estue, étue
		plural		estus, étus		estues, étues
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		je (j')	tu	el, elle	nos	vos	el, elles
	present	seu, seue, seus, seui, soï, sue	as, os	ôt, ât	estans, étans, atans, sans, sons	âtes, atez, étez, étoz, ôtes, sons	sant, sont
	distant imperfect (from Latin er-)	ère	ères	ère	înens	înens	înent
	distant imperfect (from Latin stab-)	estoie, étoie, étoe, éto, étos, éteue, étaie, étais	estois, étois, étos, éteus, étais	estoit, étoit, étot, était	estins, étins, étains	estins, étins, étains	estint, étint, étaint
	near imperfect	estoyor, estoisor, étor, étosor, étaisor	estoisor, étosor, étaisor	estoitor, étotor, étaitor	estinor, étinor, étainor	estinor, étinor, étainor	estintor, étintor, étaintor
	preterite	feus	feus	feut	feurens, feussens, feuhhens, funs	feurens, feussens, feuhhens, feustes	feurent, feussent, feuhhent, feustent
	future	serâ	serais	serai	serons	seroz	seront
	conditional	seroie, seraie, seros, sereue	serois, seros, sereus	seroit, serot	serînens, serins	serînens, serins	serînent, serint

subjunctive		que je / qu'i	que tu	qu'â (al), qu'ale	que je / qu'i	que vos	qu'âs, qu'ales
	present	soye, saye, seue, estesse, atesse, éteuhhe	soyes, sayes, seues, estesses, atesse, éteuhhes	soye, saye, sot, soit, estesse, atesse, éteuhhe	sinssens, estinssens, atinssens, étinssens, étinhhens	sinssens, estinssens, atinssens, étinssens, étinhhens	sinssent, estinssent, atinssent, étinssent, étinhhent
	imperfect	feusse, feuhhe	feusses, feuhhes	feusse, feuhhe	feussens, feuhhens	feussens, feuhhens	feussent, feuhhent

imperative		—	tu	—	nos	vos	—
	present		(soye, saye, sos, seus)		—	—

NormanEdit

PronunciationEdit

Audio (Jersey) (file)

VerbEdit

être

(Jersey) Alternative form of êt’

être

Contents

Bourbonnais-BerrichonEdit

EtymologyEdit

VerbEdit

ConjugationEdit

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

ConjugationEdit

Derived termsEdit

Related termsEdit

See alsoEdit

NounEdit

Related termsEdit

Further readingEdit

LorrainEdit

EtymologyEdit

VerbEdit

ConjugationEdit

NormanEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit