īgt
Latvian edit
Etymology edit
There are diverging opinions on the origin of this word. Some claim that it is derived from Proto-Baltic *ing-, from the zero grade form *h₂n̥gʰ- of Proto-Indo-European *h₂engʰ- (“narrow, narrowed, tied”) (whence German eng (“narrow”)). The semantic evolution would be: “narrow, tight (adj.)” > “to feel tight, constrained” > “to be dissatisfied, sullen, angry” (cf. the evolution implicit in Old High German angi (“narrow”), Old Norse angr (“tedium, depression”), English anger). Cognates would include Lithuanian ìngas (“lazy, idle”), iñgsti, iñgzti (“to whimper, to whine; to moo, to squeal”), éngti (“to strangle, to scratch, to skin, to oppress”), Proto-Slavic *ęga (Russian яга́ (jagá, “witch, evil spirit”), Old Church Slavonic ѩѕа (jędza, “illness, weakness”), Bulgarian енза (enza, “wound, sore; (dial.) disease”)), Old English inca (“illness”), Old Norse ekki (“sorrow; doubt”). Other researchers think that īgt is derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyg- (“sulky, sullen; sick”), in which case it is not cognate with Lithuanian iñgsti, éngti.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
īgt (intransitive, 1st conjugation, present īgstu, īgsti, īgst, past īgu)
- to be surly, sullen, angry
- viņš īga, dziļi, sāpīgi īga; visa pasaule tam aizdeva dusmas ― he was sullen, deeply, painfully sullen; the whole world gave him anger
- “kāpēc es te nācu, ko es gaidīju no tāda vakara?” Agnese jautāja sev un īga par sevi, ka bijusi tik pieļāvīga ― “why did I come here, what was I expecting from such a night?” Agnese asked herself and felt angry at herself for having been so yielding, so pliable
Conjugation edit
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | īgstu | īgu | īgšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | īgsti | īgi | īgsi | īgsti |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | īgst | īga | īgs | lai īgst |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | īgstam | īgām | īgsim | īgsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | īgstat | īgāt | īgsiet, īgsit |
īgstiet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | īgst | īga | īgs | lai īgst |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | īgstot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | īgstošs | ||
| Past | esot īdzis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | īgdams | ||
| Future | īgšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | īgstot | ||
| Imperative | lai īgstot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | īgstam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | īdzis | |||
| Present | īgtu | Present Passive | — | ||
| Past | būtu īdzis | Past Passive | — | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jāīgst | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | īgt | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jāīgst | Negative Infinitive | neīgt | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jāīgstot | Verbal noun | īgšana | ||
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
References edit
- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “īgt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN