जाल

Hindi

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit जाल (jāla). Cognate with Bengali জাল (jal), Marathi जाळे (jāḷe), Punjabi ਜਾਲ਼ (jāḷ), Sinhalese දැල (dæla).

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɑːl/, [d͡ʒäːl]

Noun

जाल • (jāl) m (Urdu spelling جال)

Declension

Declension of जाल (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	जाल jāl	जाल jāl
oblique	जाल jāl	जालों jālõ
vocative	जाल jāl	जालो jālo

Descendants

→ Dari: جال (jāl)

References

McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “जाल”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Platts, John T. (1884) “जाल”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

জাল (Assamese script)
ᬚᬵᬮ (Balinese script)
জাল (Bengali script)
𑰕𑰯𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀚𑀸𑀮 (Brahmi script)
ဇာလ (Burmese script)
જાલ (Gujarati script)
ਜਾਲ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌜𑌾𑌲 (Grantha script)
ꦗꦴꦭ (Javanese script)
𑂔𑂰𑂪 (Kaithi script)
ಜಾಲ (Kannada script)
ជាល (Khmer script)
ຊາລ (Lao script)
ജാല (Malayalam script)
ᡯᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘕𑘰𑘩 (Modi script)
ᠽᠠᢗᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦵𑧑𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
𑐖𑐵𑐮 (Newa script)
ଜାଲ (Odia script)
ꢙꢵꢭ (Saurashtra script)
𑆘𑆳𑆬 (Sharada script)
𑖕𑖯𑖩 (Siddham script)
ජාල (Sinhalese script)
𑩣𑩛𑩽 (Soyombo script)
𑚑𑚭𑚥 (Takri script)
ஜால (Tamil script)
జాల (Telugu script)
ชาล (Thai script)
ཛཱ་ལ (Tibetan script)
𑒖𑒰𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
𑨥𑨊𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɑː.lɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʑɑː.l̪ɐ/

Etymology 1

Vṛddhi derivative of जल (jalá).

Adjective

जाल • (jālá) stem

watery

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जाल (jālá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जालः jāláḥ	जालौ / जाला¹ jālaú / jālā́¹	जालाः / जालासः¹ jālā́ḥ / jālā́saḥ¹
Vocative	जाल jā́la	जालौ / जाला¹ jā́lau / jā́lā¹	जालाः / जालासः¹ jā́lāḥ / jā́lāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जालम् jālám	जालौ / जाला¹ jālaú / jālā́¹	जालान् jālā́n
Instrumental	जालेन jāléna	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालैः / जालेभिः¹ jālaíḥ / jālébhiḥ¹
Dative	जालाय jālā́ya	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Ablative	जालात् jālā́t	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Genitive	जालस्य jālásya	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालानाम् jālā́nām
Locative	जाले jālé	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालेषु jāléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of जाला (jālā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जाला jālā́	जाले jālé	जालाः jālā́ḥ
Vocative	जाले jā́le	जाले jā́le	जालाः jā́lāḥ
Accusative	जालाम् jālā́m	जाले jālé	जालाः jālā́ḥ
Instrumental	जालया / जाला¹ jāláyā / jālā́¹	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालाभिः jālā́bhiḥ
Dative	जालायै jālā́yai	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालाभ्यः jālā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	जालायाः / जालायै² jālā́yāḥ / jālā́yai²	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालाभ्यः jālā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	जालायाः / जालायै² jālā́yāḥ / jālā́yai²	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालानाम् jālā́nām
Locative	जालायाम् jālā́yām	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालासु jālā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of जाल (jālá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जालम् jālám	जाले jālé	जालानि / जाला¹ jālā́ni / jālā́¹
Vocative	जाल jā́la	जाले jā́le	जालानि / जाला¹ jā́lāni / jā́lā¹
Accusative	जालम् jālám	जाले jālé	जालानि / जाला¹ jālā́ni / jālā́¹
Instrumental	जालेन jāléna	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालैः / जालेभिः¹ jālaíḥ / jālébhiḥ¹
Dative	जालाय jālā́ya	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Ablative	जालात् jālā́t	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Genitive	जालस्य jālásya	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालानाम् jālā́nām
Locative	जाले jālé	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालेषु jāléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Etymology 2

Of unclear origin. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to braid, twist”) and connected to गरल (garala, “a bundle of grass or hay”) and जटा (jaṭā, “braid of hair”). Kuiper, however, claims Proto-Munda origin for जाल (jāla) and जटा (jaṭā). Alternatively, Forssman suggests a connection with Ancient Greek βάλλω (bállō, “to throw”).

Noun

जाल • (jālá) stem, n

a net (for catching birds, fish etc.)
a hairnet
a net (figurative), snare
(anatomy) the omentum
a cobweb
any reticulated or woven texture, wire-net, mail-coat, wire-helmet
a lattice, eyelet
a lattice window
the finger and toe-membrane of divine beings and godlike personages
a lion’s mane
a bundle of buds
collection multitude
deception, illusion magic
pride
jāta, kind, species

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of जाल (jālá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जालम् jālám	जाले jālé	जालानि / जाला¹ jālā́ni / jālā́¹
Vocative	जाल jā́la	जाले jā́le	जालानि / जाला¹ jā́lāni / jā́lā¹
Accusative	जालम् jālám	जाले jālé	जालानि / जाला¹ jālā́ni / jālā́¹
Instrumental	जालेन jāléna	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालैः / जालेभिः¹ jālaíḥ / jālébhiḥ¹
Dative	जालाय jālā́ya	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Ablative	जालात् jālā́t	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Genitive	जालस्य jālásya	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालानाम् jālā́nām
Locative	जाले jālé	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालेषु jāléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Etymology 3

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Is this related to Etymology 2 above? Etymological dictionaries don't seem to mention it.”

Noun

जाल • (jālá) stem, m

a tree of species Neolamarckia cadamba (syn. Nauclea cadamba)
a small cucumber

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जाल (jālá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जालः jāláḥ	जालौ / जाला¹ jālaú / jālā́¹	जालाः / जालासः¹ jālā́ḥ / jālā́saḥ¹
Vocative	जाल jā́la	जालौ / जाला¹ jā́lau / jā́lā¹	जालाः / जालासः¹ jā́lāḥ / jā́lāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जालम् jālám	जालौ / जाला¹ jālaú / jālā́¹	जालान् jālā́n
Instrumental	जालेन jāléna	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालैः / जालेभिः¹ jālaíḥ / jālébhiḥ¹
Dative	जालाय jālā́ya	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Ablative	जालात् jālā́t	जालाभ्याम् jālā́bhyām	जालेभ्यः jālébhyaḥ
Genitive	जालस्य jālásya	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालानाम् jālā́nām
Locative	जाले jālé	जालयोः jāláyoḥ	जालेषु jāléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

→ Malay: jala
- Indonesian: jala
- → Pattani Malay: ยาลอ (jalɔ) (learned)
- →? Rade: jal
- → Tagalog: dala
- → Thai: ยะลา (yá-laa)
- → Urak Lawoi': ยฺาลา (jala) (learned)
→ Old Javanese: jāla
- Javanese: ꦗꦭ (jala)
- → Balinese: ᬚᬮ (jala)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “जाल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 419/3.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 588
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 431