जीव

Declension of जीव (masc cons-stem)
direct singular	जीव jīv
direct plural	जीव jīv
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	जीव jīv	जीव jīv
oblique सामान्यरूप	जीवा jīvā	जीवां- jīvān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	जीवाला jīvālā	जीवांना jīvānnā
ergative	जीवाने, जीवानं jīvāne, jīvāna	जीवांनी jīvānnī
instrumental	जीवाशी jīvāśī	जीवांशी jīvānśī
locative सप्तमी	जीवात jīvāt	जीवांत jīvāt
vocative संबोधन	जीवा jīvā	जीवांनो jīvānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of जीव (masc cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular^* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	oblique सामान्यरूप
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	जीवाचा jīvāċā	जीवाचे jīvāċe	जीवाची jīvācī	जीवाच्या jīvācā	जीवाचे, जीवाचं jīvāċe, jīvāċa	जीवाची jīvācī	जीवाच्या jīvācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	जीवांचा jīvānċā	जीवांचे jīvānċe	जीवांची jīvāñcī	जीवांच्या jīvāncā	जीवांचे, जीवांचं jīvānċe, jīvānċa	जीवांची jīvāñcī	जीवांच्या jīvāñcā
^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms edit

जीव देणे (jīv deṇe, “to commit suicide”)
जीवशास्त्र (jīvśāstra, “biology”)
जैविक (jaivik, “biological”)
निर्जीव (nirjīv, “non-living”)
सजीव (sajīv, “living organism”)

References edit

Berntsen, Maxine, “जीव”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Pali edit

Alternative forms edit

Alternative forms

jīva (Latin script)
𑀚𑀻𑀯 (Brahmi script)
জীৰ (Bengali script)
ජීව (Sinhalese script)
ဇီဝ or ဇဳဝ or ၹီဝ (Burmese script)
ชีว or ชีวะ (Thai script)
ᨩᩦᩅ (Tai Tham script)
ຊີວ or ຊີວະ (Lao script)
ជីវ (Khmer script)
𑄎𑄩𑅇 (Chakma script)

Adjective edit

जीव

Devanagari script form of jīva (“living”)

Declension edit

Declension table of "जीव" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवो (jīvo)	जीवा (jīvā)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवे (jīve)
Instrumental (third)	जीवेन (jīvena)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa) or जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवत्थं (jīvatthaṃ)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवस्मा (jīvasmā) or जीवम्हा (jīvamhā) or जीवा (jīvā)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवस्मिं (jīvasmiṃ) or जीवम्हि (jīvamhi) or जीवे (jīve)	जीवेसु (jīvesu)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवा (jīvā)

Declension table of "जीवा" (feminine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवा (jīvā)	जीवायो (jīvāyo) or जीवा (jīvā)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवायो (jīvāyo) or जीवा (jīvā)
Instrumental (third)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवाहि (jīvāhi) or जीवाभि (jīvābhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवाहि (jīvāhi) or जीवाभि (jīvābhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवाय (jīvāya)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवायं (jīvāyaṃ)	जीवासु (jīvāsu)
Vocative (calling)	जीवे (jīve)	जीवायो (jīvāyo) or जीवा (jīvā)

Declension table of "जीव" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Instrumental (third)	जीवेन (jīvena)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa) or जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवत्थं (jīvatthaṃ)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवस्मा (jīvasmā) or जीवम्हा (jīvamhā) or जीवा (jīvā)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवस्मिं (jīvasmiṃ) or जीवम्हि (jīvamhi) or जीवे (jīve)	जीवेसु (jīvesu)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवानि (jīvāni)

Noun edit

जीव m or n

Devanagari script form of jīva (“life”)

Declension edit

Declension table of "जीव" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवानि (jīvāni)
Instrumental (third)	जीवेन (jīvena)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa) or जीवाय (jīvāya) or जीवत्थं (jīvatthaṃ)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जीवस्मा (jīvasmā) or जीवम्हा (jīvamhā) or जीवा (jīvā)	जीवेहि (jīvehi) or जीवेभि (jīvebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जीवस्स (jīvassa)	जीवानं (jīvānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जीवस्मिं (jīvasmiṃ) or जीवम्हि (jīvamhi) or जीवे (jīve)	जीवेसु (jīvesu)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवानि (jīvāni)

When masculine, the nominative, vocative and accusative are instead:

Declension table of "जीव" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जीवो (jīvo)	जीवा (jīvā)
Accusative (second)	जीवं (jīvaṃ)	जीवे (jīve)
Vocative (calling)	जीव (jīva)	जीवा (jīvā)

Sanskrit edit

Alternative scripts edit

Alternative scripts

জীৱ (Assamese script)
ᬚᬷᬯ (Balinese script)
জীব (Bengali script)
𑰕𑰱𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀚𑀻𑀯 (Brahmi script)
ဇီဝ (Burmese script)
જીવ (Gujarati script)
ਜੀਵ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌜𑍀𑌵 (Grantha script)
ꦗꦷꦮ (Javanese script)
𑂔𑂲𑂫 (Kaithi script)
ಜೀವ (Kannada script)
ជីវ (Khmer script)
ຊີວ (Lao script)
ജീവ (Malayalam script)
ᡯᡳᡳᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘕𑘲𑘪 (Modi script)
ᠽᠢᠢᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦵𑧓𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
𑐖𑐷𑐰 (Newa script)
ଜୀଵ (Odia script)
ꢙꢷꢮ (Saurashtra script)
𑆘𑆵𑆮 (Sharada script)
𑖕𑖱𑖪 (Siddham script)
ජීව (Sinhalese script)
𑩣𑩑𑩛𑩾 (Soyombo script)
𑚑𑚯𑚦 (Takri script)
ஜீவ (Tamil script)
జీవ (Telugu script)
ชีว (Thai script)
ཛཱི་ཝ (Tibetan script)
𑒖𑒲𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
𑨥𑨁𑨊𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰiHwás (“alive”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”), from *gʷeih₃w- (“to live”).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬘𐬬𐬀 (jva), Old Persian 𐎪𐎡𐎺 (ji-i-v /⁠jīva⁠/), Ancient Greek βίος (bíos), Latin vīvus, Old Church Slavonic живъ (živŭ), Bulgarian жив (živ), Russian жив (živ), Old English cwic (whence English quick).

Pronunciation edit

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑiː.ʋɐ́/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʑiː.ʋɐ/

Adjective edit

जीव • (jīvá) stem

alive, living
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.78.9:
  दश मासाञ्छशयानः कुमारो अधि मातरि ।
  निरैतु जीवो अक्षतो जीवो जीवन्त्या अधि ॥
  daśa māsāñchaśayānaḥ kumāro adhi mātari .
  niraitu jīvo akṣato jīvo jīvantyā adhi .
  The child who hath for ten months' time been lying in his mother's womb,
  May he come forth alive, unharmed, yea, living from the living dame.

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of जीव (jīvá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जीवः jīváḥ	जीवौ / जीवा¹ jīvaú / jīvā́¹	जीवाः / जीवासः¹ jīvā́ḥ / jīvā́saḥ¹
Vocative	जीव jī́va	जीवौ / जीवा¹ jī́vau / jī́vā¹	जीवाः / जीवासः¹ jī́vāḥ / jī́vāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जीवम् jīvám	जीवौ / जीवा¹ jīvaú / jīvā́¹	जीवान् jīvā́n
Instrumental	जीवेन jīvéna	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवैः / जीवेभिः¹ jīvaíḥ / jīvébhiḥ¹
Dative	जीवाय jīvā́ya	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Ablative	जीवात् jīvā́t	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Genitive	जीवस्य jīvásya	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवानाम् jīvā́nām
Locative	जीवे jīvé	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवेषु jīvéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of जीवा (jīvā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जीवा jīvā́	जीवे jīvé	जीवाः jīvā́ḥ
Vocative	जीवे jī́ve	जीवे jī́ve	जीवाः jī́vāḥ
Accusative	जीवाम् jīvā́m	जीवे jīvé	जीवाः jīvā́ḥ
Instrumental	जीवया / जीवा¹ jīváyā / jīvā́¹	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवाभिः jīvā́bhiḥ
Dative	जीवायै jīvā́yai	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवाभ्यः jīvā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	जीवायाः / जीवायै² jīvā́yāḥ / jīvā́yai²	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवाभ्यः jīvā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	जीवायाः / जीवायै² jīvā́yāḥ / jīvā́yai²	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवानाम् jīvā́nām
Locative	जीवायाम् jīvā́yām	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवासु jīvā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of जीव (jīvá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जीवम् jīvám	जीवे jīvé	जीवानि / जीवा¹ jīvā́ni / jīvā́¹
Vocative	जीव jī́va	जीवे jī́ve	जीवानि / जीवा¹ jī́vāni / jī́vā¹
Accusative	जीवम् jīvám	जीवे jīvé	जीवानि / जीवा¹ jīvā́ni / jīvā́¹
Instrumental	जीवेन jīvéna	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवैः / जीवेभिः¹ jīvaíḥ / jīvébhiḥ¹
Dative	जीवाय jīvā́ya	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Ablative	जीवात् jīvā́t	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Genitive	जीवस्य jīvásya	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवानाम् jīvā́nām
Locative	जीवे jīvé	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवेषु jīvéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms edit

जीवात्मन् (jīvātman)

Noun edit

जीव • (jīvá) stem, m or n

life, existence
any living being, anything living
the principle of life, the vital breath
m (a name of) बृहस्पति

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of जीव (jīvá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जीवः jīváḥ	जीवौ / जीवा¹ jīvaú / jīvā́¹	जीवाः / जीवासः¹ jīvā́ḥ / jīvā́saḥ¹
Vocative	जीव jī́va	जीवौ / जीवा¹ jī́vau / jī́vā¹	जीवाः / जीवासः¹ jī́vāḥ / jī́vāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जीवम् jīvám	जीवौ / जीवा¹ jīvaú / jīvā́¹	जीवान् jīvā́n
Instrumental	जीवेन jīvéna	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवैः / जीवेभिः¹ jīvaíḥ / jīvébhiḥ¹
Dative	जीवाय jīvā́ya	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Ablative	जीवात् jīvā́t	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Genitive	जीवस्य jīvásya	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवानाम् jīvā́nām
Locative	जीवे jīvé	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवेषु jīvéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of जीव (jīvá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जीवम् jīvám	जीवे jīvé	जीवानि / जीवा¹ jīvā́ni / jīvā́¹
Vocative	जीव jī́va	जीवे jī́ve	जीवानि / जीवा¹ jī́vāni / jī́vā¹
Accusative	जीवम् jīvám	जीवे jīvé	जीवानि / जीवा¹ jīvā́ni / jīvā́¹
Instrumental	जीवेन jīvéna	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवैः / जीवेभिः¹ jīvaíḥ / jīvébhiḥ¹
Dative	जीवाय jīvā́ya	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Ablative	जीवात् jīvā́t	जीवाभ्याम् jīvā́bhyām	जीवेभ्यः jīvébhyaḥ
Genitive	जीवस्य jīvásya	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवानाम् jīvā́nām
Locative	जीवे jīvé	जीवयोः jīváyoḥ	जीवेषु jīvéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Related terms edit

जीवित (jīvitá)
जीवति (jī́vati)
जीवन (jī́vana)

Descendants edit

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
- Awadhi: जिउ (jiu)
Dardic:
- Kashmiri: زُو (zuv)
Khasa Prakrit:
- Nepali: जीउ (jīu)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
- Assamese: জীউ (ziu)
- Bengali: জী (ji)
- Bihari:
  - Bhojpuri: जीउ (jīu), जिव (jiv)
  - Magahi: 𑂔𑂲𑂫 (jīu)
  - Maithili: जिउ (jiu), जिआ (jiā)
- Odia: ଜୀଉ (jiu, “spirit”), ଜୀ (ji)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
- Konkani: जीवु (jīvu)
Paisaci Prakrit:
- Punjabi: ਜੀਓ (jīo), ਜੀ (jī)
- Sindhi: जीउ (jīu)
Pali: jīva
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀻𑀯 (jīva)
- Garhwali: ज्यु (jyu)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: जीउ (jīu) जी (jī), जिया (jiyā)
  
  Urdu: جی (jī)
- Kumaoni: ज्यू (jyū), ज्यो (jyo)
- Romani: dži (“heart, soul”)

Borrowed terms edit

Assamese: জীৱ (ziw)
Bengali: জীব (jib)
Burmese: ဇီဝ (jiwa.)
Gujarati: જીવ (jīv)
Hindi: जीव (jīv)
Kannada: ಜೀವ (jīva)
Konkani: जीव (jīv)
Malay: jiwa
Marathi: जीव (jīv)
Punjabi: ਜੀਵ (jīv)
Old Javanese: jīwa
- Javanese: ꦗꦶꦮ (jiwa)
- → Balinese: ᬚᬶᬯ (jiwa)
Telugu: జీవము (jīvamu)
Thai: ชีว- (chiiu-), ชีว (chiiu)
Tagalog: diwa

References edit

Monier Williams (1899) “जीव”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 422/2.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 594-5
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jīvá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press