茫然

Chinese

		vague; vast	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (茫然)		茫	然
simp. #(茫然)		茫	然
alternative forms		芒然 汒然

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mángrán

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄤˊ ㄖㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mong⁴ jin⁴

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bông-liân / bông-jiân / bâng-liân / bâng-jiân

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mángrán
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄤˊ ㄖㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mángrán
    • Wade–Giles: mang²-jan²
    • Yale: máng-rán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mangran
    • Palladius: манжань (manžanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɑŋ³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: mong⁴ jin⁴
    • Yale: mòhng yìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mong⁴ jin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mong⁴ yin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔːŋ²¹ jiːn²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông-liân
    • Tâi-lô: bông-liân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bonglieen
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông-jiân
    • Tâi-lô: bông-jiân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bongjieen
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ²³⁻³³ ziɛn²³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bâng-liân
    • Tâi-lô: bâng-liân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: banglieen
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /baŋ²⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bâng-jiân
    • Tâi-lô: bâng-jiân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bangjieen
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /baŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: mang nyen

Rime
Character	茫	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	莫郎切	如延切
Baxter	mang	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɑŋ/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/mɑŋ/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/mɑŋ/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/maŋ/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/mɑŋ/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/mɑŋ/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/mɑŋ/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	máng	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mong4	jin4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*maːŋ  njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	然
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[n]a[n]/
English	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	茫	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12641	10756
Phonetic component	亡	肰
Rime group	陽	元
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	茫	然
Old Chinese	/*maːŋ/	/*njen/
Notes	見漢書

Adjective

茫然

1. boundless; borderless
2. clueless; directionless
3. dazed; confused; frustrated

Derived terms

• 茫然不知
• 茫然不解
• 茫然自失 (mángránzìshī)
• 茫然若失 (mángránruòshī)
• 茫然若迷
• 茫然費解／茫然费解
• 茫茫然

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (茫然):

• → Japanese: 茫然(ぼうぜん) (bōzen)
• → Korean: 망연(茫然) (mang'yeon)
• → Vietnamese: mang nhiên (茫然)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
茫	然
ぼう Hyōgaiji	ぜん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
ぼう然

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ぼーぜん [bòózéń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [bo̞ːzẽ̞ɴ]

Adjective

茫(ぼう)然(ぜん) • (bōzen) ^†-tari (adnominal 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)とした (bōzen to shita) or 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)たる (bōzen taru), adverbial 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)と (bōzen to) or 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)として (bōzen to shite))

1. clueless

Korean

Hanja in this term
茫	然

Noun

茫然 • (mang-yeon) (hangeul 망연)

1. Hanja form^? of 망연 (“clueless”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
茫	然

Adjective

茫然

1. chữ Hán form of mang nhiên (“clueless”).