Wiktionary

亡

亡 U+4EA1, 亡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA1
← 亠
[U+4EA0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亢 →
[U+4EA2]

Translingual

edit
Stroke order
 

Han character

edit

亡 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 00710, composition ⿱亠𠃊(GV) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJK) or ⿱丶匸 or ⿱丨匸)

Derived characters

edit

References

edit
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
  • Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EA1

Chinese

edit
trad. 亡/亾
simp. 亡
alternative forms 𬼖

Glyph origin

edit
Historical forms of the character 亡
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
 
j27316
 
j27317
 
j27318
 
j27319
 
j27320
 
j27321
 
j27322
 
j27323
 
j27324
 
j27325
 
j27326
 
j27327
 
j27328
 
j27329
 
j27330
 
j27331
 
j27332
 
j27333
 
j27334
 
j27335
 
j27336
 
j27337
 
j27338
 
j27339
 
j27340
 
j27341
 
j27342
 
j27343
 
j27344
 
j27345
 
j27346
 
j27347
 
j27348
 
j27349
 
j27350
 
j27351
 
j27352
 
j27353
 
j27354
 
j27355
 
j27356
 
j27357
 
j27358
 
j27359
 
j27360
 
j27361
 
j27362
 
j27363
 
j27364
 
j27365
 
j27366
 
j27367
 
j27368
 
j27369
 
j27370
 
j27371
 
j27372
 
j27373
 
j27374
 
j27375
 
j27376
 
j27377
 
j27378
 
j27379
 
j27380
 
j27381
 
j27382
 
j27383
 
j27384
 
j27385
 
j27386
 
j27387
 
j27388
 
j27389
 
j27390
 
j27391
 
j27392
 
j27393
 
j27394
 
j27395
 
j27396
 
j27397
 
j27398
 
j27399
 
j27400
 
j27401
 
j27402
 
j27403
 
j27404
 
j27405
 
j27406
 
j27407
 
j27408
 
j27409
 
j27410
 
j27411
 
j27412
 
j27413
 
j27414
 
j27415
 
j27416
 
j27417
 
j27418
 
j27419
 
j27420
 
j27421
 
j27422
 
j27423
 
j27424
 
j27425
 
j27426
 
j27427
 
j27428
 
j27429
 
j27430
 
j27431
 
j27432
 
j27433
 
j27434
 
j27435
 
j27436
 
j27437
 
j27438
 
j27439
 
j27440
 
j27441
 
j27442
 
j27443
 
j27444
 
j27445
 
j27446
 
j27447
 
j27448
 
j27449
 
j27450
 
j27451
 
j27452
 
j27453
 
j27454
 
j27455
 
j27456
 
j27457
 
j27458
 
j27459
 
j27460
 
j27461
 
j27462
 
j27463
 
j27464
 
j27465
 
j27466
 
j27467
 
j27468
 
j27469
 
j27470
 
b17680
 
b17681
 
b17682
 
b17683
 
b17684
 
b17685
 
b17686
 
b17687
 
b17688
 
b17689
 
b17690
 
b17691
 
b17692
 
b17693
 
b17694
 
b17695
 
b17696
 
b17697
 
b17698
 
b17699
 
b17700
 
b17701
 
b17702
 
b17703
 
b17704
 
b17705
 
b17706
 
b17707
 
b17708
 
b17709
 
b17710
 
b17711
 
b17712
 
b17713
 
s09433
Transcribed ancient scripts
 
L32570
 
L32571
 
L09148
 
L09149
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
忙 *maːŋ
芒 *maːŋ, *maŋ
茫 *maːŋ
恾 *maːŋ
吂 *maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒 *maːŋ, *maŋs
朚 *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙 *maːŋ, *maŋ
杗 *maːŋ, *maŋ
荒 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓 *hmaːŋ
衁 *hmaːŋ
巟 *hmaːŋ
詤 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊 *hmaːŋʔ
喪 *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡 *maŋ
望 *maŋ, *maŋs
莣 *maŋ
朢 *maŋ, *maŋs
鋩 *maŋ
硭 *maŋ
忘 *maŋ, *maŋs
网 *mlaŋʔ
罔 *mlaŋʔ
蛧 *maŋʔ
網 *mlaŋʔ
輞 *maŋʔ
棢 *maŋʔ
惘 *maŋʔ
菵 *maŋʔ
誷 *maŋʔ
魍 *maŋʔ
妄 *maŋs
盲 *mraːŋ
蝱 *mraːŋ
虻 *mraːŋ
氓 *mraːŋ
甿 *mraːŋ

Ideogram (指事) : a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).

Etymology

edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).

The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).

Pronunciation 1

edit
Note:
  • 3maan - vernacular;
  • 3vaan - literary.
    Rime
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 陽 (106)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 武方切
    Baxter mjang
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mʉɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mʷiɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/miuɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/muaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/miuaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/mĭwaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/miwaŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wáng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		mong4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/
    English flee; disappear; die

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12662
    Phonetic
    component         		亡
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亡
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/

    Definitions

    edit

    亡

    1. to run away; to flee; to escape
      逃亡  ―  táowáng  ―  to flee
    2. to lose
      亡佚  ―  wángyì  ―  to be lost
      亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢  ―  wángyángbǔláo  ―  to repair the pen after sheep is lost
    3. (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out
      滅亡／灭亡  ―  mièwáng  ―  to perish
    4. (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate
    5. to die
      死亡  ―  sǐwáng  ―  to die
      亡妻  ―  wángqī  ―  deceased wife
    6. † Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”)
    Synonyms
    edit
    • (to run away):
    • (to lose):
    • (to be destroyed):
    • (to destroy):
    • (to die):
    Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 死, 亡, 歿, 卒
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼, 謝世, 離開人間
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 死, 故去 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 彎回去 †, 毛兒提 Hui
    Taiwan 死, 過世 †
    Harbin 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟
    Singapore 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 §
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤
    Wanrong 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡
    Xi'an 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui
    Xining 歿
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui
    Lanzhou 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 †
    Ürümqi 死, 過世 †, 不在 †
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈
    Wuhan 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮
    Guiyang 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤
    Liuzhou 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤
    Yangzhou 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 §
    Hefei 死, 不在 †, 老 †
    Cantonese Guangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot
    Hong Kong 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 過身, 死
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 過身
    Macau 過身, 去
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 死
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 去歸, 過身
    Foshan 過身, 死
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 死, 過身
    Foshan (Shunde) 過身
    Foshan (Sanshui) 過身
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 死
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 過身
    Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 死
    Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 過身, 死
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 死, 過身
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 過身, 死
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 死, 過身
    Taishan 死, 善, 去
    Kaiping (Chikan) 死, 登仙
    Enping (Niujiang) 過身, 死
    Heshan (Yayao) 死
    Dongguan 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 §
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 死, 過身
    Yangjiang 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡
    Singapore (Guangfu) 死, 過身 †
    Gan Nanchang 死, 過世 †, 老 †
    Lichuan 死
    Pingxiang 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去
    Hakka Meixian 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 過身, 香 †
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 過身, 死
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 死, 過身
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 死
    Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 死, 過身
    Yudu 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 死, 過身 †
    Hong Kong 過身, 老
    Huizhou Jixi 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤
    Jin Taiyuan 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡
    Xinzhou 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮
    Northern Min Jian'ou 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 §
    Southern Min Xiamen 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Quanzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Zhangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 §
    Taipei 死去, 老 †, 過身 †
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Kaohsiung 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Yilan 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 †
    Changhua (Lukang) 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Taichung 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Tainan 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Hsinchu 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Kinmen 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 †
    Penghu (Magong) 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Singapore (Hokkien) 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 †
    Manila (Hokkien) 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †
    Chaozhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †
    Jieyang 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹
    Singapore (Teochew) 死, 過身
    Leizhou 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 §
    Haikou 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 §
    Singapore (Hainanese) 死
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 死
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西
    Wu Shanghai 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 §
    Shanghai (Chongming) 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤
    Suzhou 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 §
    Danyang 死
    Hangzhou 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去
    Ningbo 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 †
    Wenzhou 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤
    Jinhua 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡
    Xiang Changsha 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎
    Loudi 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 †
    Shuangfeng 死, 過世 †, 故 †
    Note † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful
    Compounds
    edit

    Pronunciation 2

    edit
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/
    English flee; disappear; die

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12662
    Phonetic
    component         		亡
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亡
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/

    Definitions

    edit

    亡

    1. † Alternative form of 無／无 (“not have”)
    2. † Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)

    References

    edit
    • 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

    Japanese

    edit

    Kanji

    edit
    亡

    (Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. destroy
    2. fall; collapse
    3. not exist; nonexistent
    4. run away

    Readings

    edit

    As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):

    Compounds

    edit
    Compound words that contain 亡
    Common
    Uncommon
    Rare

    Korean

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Middle Chinese 亡 (MC mjang).

    Hanja

    edit
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang))

    1. hanja form? of 망 (“destroy; collapse”)

    Compounds

    edit
    Compounds

    Etymology 2

    edit

    Related to Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju).

    Hanja

    edit

    亡 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))

    1. Alternative form of 無 (“hanja form? of 무 (“not”)”)

    References

    edit
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese

    edit

    Han character

    edit

    亡: Hán Nôm readings: vong, vô

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References

    edit
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=亡&oldid=80458531"