Wiktionary

亡

亡 U+4EA1, 亡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA1
← 亠
[U+4EA0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亢 →
[U+4EA2]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

亡 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 00710, composition ⿱亠𠃊(GV) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJK) or ⿱丶匸 or ⿱丨匸)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
  • Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EA1

Chinese edit

trad. 亡
simp. # 亡
alternative forms 亾
𬼖

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 亡
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Oracle bone script
 

j27316

 

j27317

 

j27318

 

j27319

 

j27320

 

j27321

 

j27322

 

j27323

 

j27324

 

j27325

 

j27326

 

j27327

 

j27328

 

j27329

 

j27330

 

j27331

 

j27332

 

j27333

 

j27334

 

j27335

 

j27336

 

j27337

 

j27338

 

j27339

 

j27340

 

j27341

 

j27342

 

j27343

 

j27344

 

j27345

 

j27346

 

j27347

 

j27348

 

j27349

 

j27350

 

j27351

 

j27352

 

j27353

 

j27354

 

j27355

 

j27356

 

j27357

 

j27358

 

j27359

 

j27360

 

j27361

 

j27362

 

j27363

 

j27364

 

j27365

 

j27366

 

j27367

 

j27368

 

j27369

 

j27370

 

j27371

 

j27372

 

j27373

 

j27374

 

j27375

 

j27376

 

j27377

 

j27378

 

j27379

 

j27380

 

j27381

 

j27382

 

j27383

 

j27384

 

j27385

 

j27386

 

j27387

 

j27388

 

j27389

 

j27390

 

j27391

 

j27392

 

j27393

 

j27394

 

j27395

 

j27396

 

j27397

 

j27398

 

j27399

 

j27400

 

j27401

 

j27402

 

j27403

 

j27404

 

j27405

 

j27406

 

j27407

 

j27408

 

j27409

 

j27410

 

j27411

 

j27412

 

j27413

 

j27414

 

j27415

 

j27416

 

j27417

 

j27418

 

j27419

 

j27420

 

j27421

 

j27422

 

j27423

 

j27424

 

j27425

 

j27426

 

j27427

 

j27428

 

j27429

 

j27430

 

j27431

 

j27432

 

j27433

 

j27434

 

j27435

 

j27436

 

j27437

 

j27438

 

j27439

 

j27440

 

j27441

 

j27442

 

j27443

 

j27444

 

j27445

 

j27446

 

j27447

 

j27448

 

j27449

 

j27450

 

j27451

 

j27452

 

j27453

 

j27454

 

j27455

 

j27456

 

j27457

 

j27458

 

j27459

 

j27460

 

j27461

 

j27462

 

j27463

 

j27464

 

j27465

 

j27466

 

j27467

 

j27468

 

j27469

 

j27470

Bronze inscriptions
 

b17680

 

b17681

 

b17682

 

b17683

 

b17684

 

b17685

 

b17686

 

b17687

 

b17688

 

b17689

 

b17690

 

b17691

 

b17692

 

b17693

 

b17694

 

b17695

 

b17696

 

b17697

 

b17698

 

b17699

 

b17700

 

b17701

 

b17702

 

b17703

 

b17704

 

b17705

 

b17706

 

b17707

 

b17708

 

b17709

 

b17710

 

b17711

 

b17712

 

b17713

Small seal script
 

s09433

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L32570

 

L32571

 

L09148

 

L09149

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
忙 *maːŋ
芒 *maːŋ, *maŋ
茫 *maːŋ
恾 *maːŋ
吂 *maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒 *maːŋ, *maŋs
朚 *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙 *maːŋ, *maŋ
杗 *maːŋ, *maŋ
荒 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓 *hmaːŋ
衁 *hmaːŋ
巟 *hmaːŋ
詤 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊 *hmaːŋʔ
喪 *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡 *maŋ
望 *maŋ, *maŋs
莣 *maŋ
朢 *maŋ, *maŋs
鋩 *maŋ
硭 *maŋ
忘 *maŋ, *maŋs
网 *mlaŋʔ
罔 *mlaŋʔ
蛧 *maŋʔ
網 *mlaŋʔ
輞 *maŋʔ
棢 *maŋʔ
惘 *maŋʔ
菵 *maŋʔ
誷 *maŋʔ
魍 *maŋʔ
妄 *maŋs
盲 *mraːŋ
蝱 *mraːŋ
虻 *mraːŋ
氓 *mraːŋ
甿 *mraːŋ

Ideogram (指事) : a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).

The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note:
  • 3maan - vernacular;
  • 3vaan - literary.
    Rime
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 陽 (106)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 武方切
    Baxter mjang
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mʉɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mʷiɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/miuɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/muaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/miuaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/mĭwaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/miwaŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wáng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		mong4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/
    English flee; disappear; die

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12662
    Phonetic
    component         		亡
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亡
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/

    Definitions edit

    亡

    1. to run away; to flee; to escape
      逃亡  ―  táowáng  ―  to flee
    2. to lose
      亡佚  ―  wángyì  ―  to be lost
      亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢  ―  wángyángbǔláo  ―  to repair the pen after sheep is lost
    3. (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out
      滅亡／灭亡  ―  mièwáng  ―  to perish
    4. (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate
    5. to die
      死亡  ―  sǐwáng  ―  to die
      亡妻  ―  wángqī  ―  deceased wife
    6. † Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”)
    Synonyms edit
    • (to run away):
    • (to lose):
    • (to be destroyed):
    • (to destroy):
    • (to die):
    Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 死, 亡, 歿, 卒
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼
    Mandarin Beijing 死, 故去 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 毛兒提 Hui
    Taiwan 死, 過世 †
    Harbin 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟
    Yantai (Muping) 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 §
    Jinan 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui
    Luoyang 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤
    Wanrong 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡
    Xi'an 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui
    Yinchuan 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui
    Lanzhou 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 †
    Xining 歿
    Ürümqi 死, 過世 †, 不在 †
    Wuhan 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮
    Chengdu 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈
    Guiyang 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤
    Liuzhou 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄
    Yangzhou 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 §
    Nanjing 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤
    Hefei 死, 不在 †, 老 †
    Singapore 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †
    Cantonese Guangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot
    Hong Kong 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 過身, 死
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 過身
    Macau 過身, 去
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 死
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 去歸, 過身
    Foshan 過身, 死
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 死, 過身
    Foshan (Shunde) 過身
    Foshan (Sanshui) 過身
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 死
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 過身
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 死
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 過身, 死
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 死, 過身
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 過身, 死
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 死, 過身
    Taishan 死, 善, 去
    Kaiping (Chikan) 死, 登仙
    Enping (Niujiang) 過身, 死
    Heshan (Yayao) 死
    Dongguan 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 §
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 死, 過身
    Yangjiang 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡
    Singapore (Guangfu) 死, 過身 †
    Gan Nanchang 死, 過世 †, 老 †
    Lichuan 死
    Pingxiang 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去
    Hakka Meixian 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 過身, 香 †
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 過身, 死
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 死, 過身
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 死
    Conghua (Lütian) 死, 過身
    Yudu 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 死, 過身 †
    Hong Kong 過身, 老
    Huizhou Jixi 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤
    Jin Taiyuan 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡
    Xinzhou 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮
    Northern Min Jian'ou 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 §
    Southern Min Xiamen 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Quanzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Zhangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 §
    Taipei 死去, 老 †, 過身 †
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Kaohsiung 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Yilan 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 †
    Changhua (Lukang) 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Taichung 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Tainan 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Hsinchu 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Kinmen 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 †
    Penghu (Magong) 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Singapore (Hokkien) 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 †
    Manila (Hokkien) 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †
    Chaozhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †
    Jieyang 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹
    Singapore (Teochew) 死, 過身
    Leizhou 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 §
    Haikou 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 §
    Singapore (Hainanese) 死
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 死
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西
    Wu Shanghai 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 §
    Shanghai (Chongming) 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤
    Suzhou 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 §
    Danyang 死
    Hangzhou 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去
    Ningbo 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 †
    Wenzhou 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤
    Jinhua 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡
    Xiang Changsha 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎
    Loudi 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 †
    Shuangfeng 死, 過世 †, 故 †
    Note † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful
    Compounds edit

    Pronunciation 2 edit

    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/
    English flee; disappear; die

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12662
    Phonetic
    component         		亡
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亡
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/

    Definitions edit

    亡

    1. † Alternative form of 無／无 (“not have”)
    2. † Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)

    References edit

    • 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    亡

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. destroy
    2. fall; collapse
    3. not exist; nonexistent
    4. run away

    Readings edit

    As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):

    Compounds edit

    Compound words that contain 亡
    Common
    Uncommon
    Rare

    Korean edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    From Middle Chinese 亡 (MC mjang).

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang))

    1. Hanja form? of 망 (“destroy; collapse”).

    Compounds edit

    Compounds

    Etymology 2 edit

    Related to Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju).

    Hanja edit

    亡 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))

    1. Alternative form of 無 (“Hanja form? of 무 (“not”).”)

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    亡: Hán Nôm readings: vong, vô

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References edit

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