違う
Japanese
editEtymology 1
edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
違 |
ちが Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. Compound of 道 (chi, “road, way”) + 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”).[1] The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).[2]
First cited to the Kagerō Nikki of 974,[1] and likely extant earlier given the initial citing in 965 of derived form 違える (chigaeru, “to keep something from happening”)[1]
Similar, but not related, to tagau reading.[2]
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
edit- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "違う"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
違う | ちがう | [chìgáú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 違え | ちがえ | [chìgáé] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 違われる | ちがわれる | [chìgáwárérú] |
Causative | 違わせる | ちがわせる | [chìgáwásérú] |
Potential | - | - | - |
Volitional | 違おう | ちがおー | [chìgáóꜜò] |
Negative | 違わない | ちがわない | [chìgáwánáí] |
Negative perfective | 違わなかった | ちがわなかった | [chìgáwánáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 違います | ちがいます | [chìgáímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 違った | ちがった | [chìgáttá] |
Conjunctive | 違って | ちがって | [chìgátté] |
Hypothetical conditional | 違えば | ちがえば | [chìgáéꜜbà] |
Verb
edit違う • (chigau) ←ちがふ (tigafu)?intransitive godan (stem 違い (chigai), past 違った (chigatta))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 違える |
mediopassive | 違う |
- to be different; to differ (from something)
- another
- (in conversation) no, that is wrong / incorrect; that's not how it is
Usage notes
editThis is used to disagree with someone in conversation like "no", but it is softer than saying "no" in English.
Conjugation
editKatsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 違わ | ちがわ | chigawa |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 違い | ちがい | chigai |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 違う | ちがう | chigau |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 違う | ちがう | chigau |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 違え | ちがえ | chigae |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 違え | ちがえ | chigae |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 違われる | ちがわれる | chigawareru |
Causative | 違わせる 違わす |
ちがわせる ちがわす |
chigawaseru chigawasu |
Potential | 違える | ちがえる | chigaeru |
Volitional | 違おう | ちがおう | chigaō |
Negative | 違わない | ちがわない | chigawanai |
Negative continuative | 違わず | ちがわず | chigawazu |
Formal | 違います | ちがいます | chigaimasu |
Perfective | 違った | ちがった | chigatta |
Conjunctive | 違って | ちがって | chigatte |
Hypothetical conditional | 違えば | ちがえば | chigaeba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 違は | ちがは | tigafa |
Continuative (連用形) | 違ひ | ちがひ | tigafi |
Terminal (終止形) | 違ふ | ちがふ | tigafu |
Attributive (連体形) | 違ふ | ちがふ | tigafu |
Realis (已然形) | 違へ | ちがへ | tigafe |
Imperative (命令形) | 違へ | ちがへ | tigafe |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 違はず | ちがはず | tigafazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 違へど | ちがへど | tigafedo |
Causal conjunction | 違へば | ちがへば | tigafeba |
Conditional conjunction | 違はば | ちがはば | tigafaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 違ひき | ちがひき | tigafiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 違ひけり | ちがひけり | tigafikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 違ひつ | ちがひつ | tigafitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 違ひぬ | ちがひぬ | tigafinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 違へり 違ひたり |
ちがへり ちがひたり |
tigaferi tigafitari |
Volitional | 違はむ | ちがはむ | tigafamu |
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editEtymology 2
edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
違 |
たが Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. Compound of 手 (ta, “hand”, bound form) + 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”). The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).[2]
First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.[4]
Verb
edit違う • (tagau) ←たがふ (tagafu)?intransitive godan (stem 違い (tagai), past 違った (tagatta))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 違える |
mediopassive | 違う |
- (dated) be contrary to; go against; defy; disobey; violate (a rule)
- 期待に違う
- kitai ni tagau
- be contrary to an anticipation
- 定説に違う
- teisetsu ni tagau
- defy a common theory
- 規則に違う
- kisoku ni tagau
- violate a rule
- 期待に違う
Conjugation
editKatsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 違わ | たがわ | tagawa |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 違い | たがい | tagai |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 違う | たがう | tagau |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 違う | たがう | tagau |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 違え | たがえ | tagae |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 違え | たがえ | tagae |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 違われる | たがわれる | tagawareru |
Causative | 違わせる 違わす |
たがわせる たがわす |
tagawaseru tagawasu |
Potential | 違える | たがえる | tagaeru |
Volitional | 違おう | たがおう | tagaō |
Negative | 違わない | たがわない | tagawanai |
Negative continuative | 違わず | たがわず | tagawazu |
Formal | 違います | たがいます | tagaimasu |
Perfective | 違った | たがった | tagatta |
Conjunctive | 違って | たがって | tagatte |
Hypothetical conditional | 違えば | たがえば | tagaeba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 違は | たがは | tagafa |
Continuative (連用形) | 違ひ | たがひ | tagafi |
Terminal (終止形) | 違ふ | たがふ | tagafu |
Attributive (連体形) | 違ふ | たがふ | tagafu |
Realis (已然形) | 違へ | たがへ | tagafe |
Imperative (命令形) | 違へ | たがへ | tagafe |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 違はず | たがはず | tagafazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 違へど | たがへど | tagafedo |
Causal conjunction | 違へば | たがへば | tagafeba |
Conditional conjunction | 違はば | たがはば | tagafaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 違ひき | たがひき | tagafiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 違ひけり | たがひけり | tagafikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 違ひつ | たがひつ | tagafitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 違ひぬ | たがひぬ | tagafinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 違へり 違ひたり |
たがへり たがひたり |
tagaferi tagafitari |
Volitional | 違はむ | たがはむ | tagafamu |
Synonyms
editAntonyms
editReferences
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “違・交”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- ^ “違”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- Japanese terms spelled with 違 read as ちが
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese compound terms
- Japanese terms with rendaku
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese type 1 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 違 read as たが
- Japanese dated terms
- Japanese terms with usage examples