-tu

Afar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-tu/ [-tʊ]

Suffix

-tu

Form of -ytu used after nouns ending in consonants.

Declension

Declension of -tu

absolutive	-tu
predicative	-tu
subjective	-tí
genitive	-tí

Postpositioned forms
l-case	-tul
k-case	-tuk
t-case	-tut
h-case	-tuh

References

E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Basque

Alternative forms

-du (see usage notes)

Etymology

From Latin -tum, a past participle forming suffix. Basque borrowed Latin verbs in their participle form (for example, aditu (“to hear”) from audītum, neuter perfect passive participle of audiō (“I hear”)), with the ending being reinterpreted as a new verb forming suffix.^[1] Compare English -ate (verb-forming suffix).

Suffix

-tu

A verb-forming suffix.
‎euskara (“Basque”) + ‎-tu → ‎euskaratu (“to translate into Basque”)

‎ohera (“to, towards bed”) + ‎-tu → ‎oheratu (“to go to bed”)

‎gehi (“plus”) + ‎-tu → ‎gehitu (“to add”)
Used to form adjectives, roughly corresponding to the English past participle forming suffix -ed.
‎gehi (“plus”) + ‎-tu → ‎gehitu (“augmented”)

Usage notes

Takes the form -du after words ending in /l/ or /n/:
‎lagun (“friend”) + ‎-tu → ‎lagundu (“to help”)
This is the only productive verb-forming suffix in modern Basque, having displaced the native suffix -i.
Verbs taking this suffix have no synthetic forms (with the exception of ezagutu (“to know”)).

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -tu

References

^ R. L. Trask (2008) “-tu”, in Max W. Wheeler, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex, page 350

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-t'oin. Cognate with Finnish -ton/-tön.

Suffix

-tu (genitive -tu, partitive -tut, comparative -tum, superlative kõige -tum)

-less

Inflection

Declension of -tu (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-tu	-tud
accusative	nom.	-tu
accusative	gen.	-tu
genitive		-tu	-tute
partitive		-tut	-tuid
illative		-tusse	-tutesse -tuisse
inessive		-tus	-tutes -tuis
elative		-tust	-tutest -tuist
allative		-tule	-tutele -tuile
adessive		-tul	-tutel -tuil
ablative		-tult	-tutelt -tuilt
translative		-tuks	-tuteks -tuiks
terminative		-tuni	-tuteni
essive		-tuna	-tutena
abessive		-tuta	-tuteta
comitative		-tuga	-tutega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -tu

Finnish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-tu(ˣ)/, [-t̪u(ʔ)]

Suffix

-tu (front vowel harmony variant -ty, linguistic notation -tU)

Alternative form of -ttu

Anagrams

-ut

Franco-Provençal

Pronoun

-tu

postpositive form of te

Garifuna

Suffix

-tu

nominalizing suffix deriving agent nouns of feminine gender (see -ti for masculine).
Abuwagu ― to cook

Abuwagutu ― chef (female)

Latin

Suffix

-tū

ablative singular of -tus

Old Irish

Alternative forms

-atu, -etu, -thu, -tiu

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-tūts (stem *-tūt-; compare Welsh -tid), from Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (whence Latin -tūs and Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs)).

Suffix

-tu m

-ness, -ity

Inflection

Masculine t-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-tu	—	—
vocative	-tu	—	—
accusative	-taid^N	—	—
genitive	-tad	—	—
dative	-taid^L	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

Old Norse

Alternative forms

þú
-du, -ðu

Pronoun

-tu (enclitic)

enclitic form of þú
- Haralds saga hins hárfagra 41.
  Nú tóktu svá við sem várr konungr vildi.
- Lokasenna 24.
  En þik síða kóðu / Samseyju í / ok draptu á vétt sem vǫlur / vitka líki / fórtu verþjóð yfir / ok hugða ek þat args aðal
‎skalt (“shalt”) + ‎þú → ‎skaltu (“shalt thou”)

‎lát (“let (impr.)”) + ‎þú → ‎láttu (“let (impr.)”)

Usage notes

For reasons related to syntax, as well as Old Norse often explicitly stating the subject of verbs in the imperative, the verb is often followed by the subject pronoun. For þú, this is when it may take on an enclitic form. This is not to say, however, that whenever þú comes after a verb, it will always take an enclitic form. It could well stay separate for the sake of emphasis.

Which one of the variants -du, -ðu and -tu to use, is decided by the same rules that decide which dental suffix to take in the type 1 weak verbs. This form is used after hard consonants.

Descendants

This feature is also present in modern Icelandic verb conjugation, with its imperative forms with appended personal pronouns (though only in the second person).

Turkish

preceding vowel
a / ı	e / i	o / u	ö / ü
-tı	-ti	-tu	-tü

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Suffix

-tu

Form of -tı after the vowels O / U.
‎al- (“to take”) + ‎-ın (“to take offense”) + ‎-tı → ‎alıntı (“quotation, citation”)

‎ak- (“to flow”) + ‎-ın + ‎-tı → ‎akıntı (“flow, current, stream”)

‎çıt (“click or crack sound”) + ‎-ır + ‎-tı → ‎çıtırtı (“clicking, cracking”)

‎mor (“purple”) + ‎-ar (“to turn purple”) + ‎-tı → ‎morartı (“bruise, a purplish spot”)

[1] R. L. Trask (2008) “-tu”, in Max W. Wheeler, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex, page 350

[1]

-tu

Afar

Pronunciation

Suffix

Declension

References

Basque

Alternative forms

Etymology

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

References

Estonian

Etymology

Suffix

Inflection

Derived terms

Finnish

Pronunciation

Suffix

Anagrams

Franco-Provençal

Pronoun

Garifuna

Suffix

Latin

Suffix

Old Irish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Suffix

Inflection

Derived terms

Further reading

Old Norse

Alternative forms

Pronoun

Usage notes

Descendants

See also

Turkish

Pronunciation

Suffix