-tu
Afar edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-tu
- Form of -ytu used after nouns ending in consonants.
Declension edit
Declension of -tu | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
absolutive | -tu | |||||||||||||||||
predicative | -tu | |||||||||||||||||
subjective | -tí | |||||||||||||||||
genitive | -tí | |||||||||||||||||
|
References edit
- E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
Basque edit
Alternative forms edit
- -du (see usage notes)
Etymology edit
From Latin -tum, a past participle forming suffix. Basque borrowed Latin verbs in their participle form (for example, aditu (“to hear”) from audītum, neuter perfect passive participle of audiō (“I hear”)), with the ending being reinterpreted as a new verb forming suffix.[1]
Suffix edit
-tu
- A verb-forming suffix.
- Used to form adjectives, roughly corresponding to the English past participle forming suffix -ed.
Usage notes edit
- Takes the form -du after words ending in /l/ or /n/:
- This is the only productive verb-forming suffix in modern Basque, having displaced the native suffix -i.
- Verbs taking this suffix have no synthetic forms (with the exception of ezagutu (“to know”)).
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ^ “-tu” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
Estonian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-t'oin. Cognate with Finnish -ton/-tön.
Suffix edit
-tu (genitive -tu, partitive -tut, comparative -tum, superlative kõige -tum)
Inflection edit
Declension of -tu (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -tu | -tud | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -tu | ||
genitive | -tute | ||
partitive | -tut | -tuid | |
illative | -tusse | -tutesse -tuisse | |
inessive | -tus | -tutes -tuis | |
elative | -tust | -tutest -tuist | |
allative | -tule | -tutele -tuile | |
adessive | -tul | -tutel -tuil | |
ablative | -tult | -tutelt -tuilt | |
translative | -tuks | -tuteks -tuiks | |
terminative | -tuni | -tuteni | |
essive | -tuna | -tutena | |
abessive | -tuta | -tuteta | |
comitative | -tuga | -tutega |
Derived terms edit
Finnish edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-tu (front vowel harmony variant -ty, linguistic notation -tU)
- Alternative form of -ttu
Anagrams edit
Garifuna edit
Suffix edit
-tu
Latin edit
Suffix edit
-tū
Old Irish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Celtic *-tūts (stem *-tūt-; compare Welsh -tid), from Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (whence Latin -tūs and Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs)).
Suffix edit
-tu m
Inflection edit
Masculine d-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -tu | — | — |
Vocative | -tu | — | — |
Accusative | -taidN | — | — |
Genitive | -tad | — | — |
Dative | -taidL | — | — |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 258, pages 165–66
Old Norse edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronoun edit
-tu (enclitic)
- enclitic form of þú
- Haralds saga hins hárfagra 41.
- Nú tóktu svá við sem várr konungr vildi.
- Lokasenna 24.
- En þik síða kóðu / Samseyju í / ok draptu á vétt sem vǫlur / vitka líki / fórtu verþjóð yfir / ok hugða ek þat args aðal
- Haralds saga hins hárfagra 41.
Usage notes edit
For reasons related to syntax, as well as Old Norse often explicitly stating the subject of verbs in the imperative, the verb is often followed by the subject pronoun. For þú, this is when it may take on an enclitic form. This is not to say, however, that whenever þú comes after a verb, it will always take an enclitic form. It could well stay separate for the sake of emphasis.
Which one of the variants -du, -ðu and -tu to use, is decided by the same rules that decide which dental suffix to take in the type 1 weak verbs. This form is used after hard consonants.
Descendants edit
This feature is also present in modern Icelandic verb conjugation, with its imperative forms with appended personal pronouns (though only in the second person).
See also edit
Turkish edit
preceding vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü |
-tı | -ti | -tu | -tü |
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-tu
- Form of -tı after the vowels O / U.
- al- (“to take”) + -ın (“to take offense”) + -tı → alıntı (“quotation, citation”)
- ak- (“to flow”) + -ın + -tı → akıntı (“flow, current, stream”)
- çıt (“click or crack sound”) + -ır + -tı → çıtırtı (“clicking, cracking”)
- mor (“purple”) + -ar (“to turn purple”) + -tı → morartı (“bruise, a purplish spot”)