-tus
See also: Appendix:Variations of "tus"
Finnish
editEtymology
editBy analogy with -us derivatives of verbs ending in -ttaa and -staa, which are plenty.
Suffix
edit-tus (front vowel harmony variant -tys, linguistic notation -tUs)
- Alternative form of -us (forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event)
Usage notes
editThis variant of the suffix is used when the verb belongs to the conjugation classes:
- 66 (rohkaista); the stem for the verb will be the consonant stem ending in -s-
- 69 (valita); the stem for the verb will be the part prior to the final -ts-
Declension
edit| Inflection of -tus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tus | -tukset | |
| genitive | -tuksen | -tusten -tuksien | |
| partitive | -tusta | -tuksia | |
| illative | -tukseen | -tuksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -tus | -tukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -tus | -tukset |
| gen. | -tuksen | ||
| genitive | -tuksen | -tusten -tuksien | |
| partitive | -tusta | -tuksia | |
| inessive | -tuksessa | -tuksissa | |
| elative | -tuksesta | -tuksista | |
| illative | -tukseen | -tuksiin | |
| adessive | -tuksella | -tuksilla | |
| ablative | -tukselta | -tuksilta | |
| allative | -tukselle | -tuksille | |
| essive | -tuksena | -tuksina | |
| translative | -tukseksi | -tuksiksi | |
| abessive | -tuksetta | -tuksitta | |
| instructive | — | -tuksin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -tus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
editGothic
editRomanization
edit-tus
- Romanization of -𐍄𐌿𐍃
Latin
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).
Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-þaz, *-daz, *-taz.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪ʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪us]
Suffix
edit-tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix
- Forms the past participle of verbs.
- Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".
Usage notes
editVerb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways:
- Stem-final b and g are regularly devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel directly followed by g, this vowel is usually lengthened (due to Lachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high vowel i, as in cōnstrictus from cōnstringō or fictus from fingō).
- Stem-final qu is delabialised, giving c. Likewise, stem-final ngu is delabialized to nc.
- coquō (“cook”) + -tus → coctus
- exstinguō (“extinguish”) + -tus → exstīnctus
- Stem-final v either merges with the preceding vowel (yielding the diphthong au in the case of -av-, or the long vowels ō and ū in the case of -ov- and -uv-/-u-) or is replaced with c. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants *w and *gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels in Latin as -v-. However, Latin c in this context does not always descend from original Proto-Italic *gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution of c.
- Stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is simplified to -sus if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly to g-final stems, d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law.
- Stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.
- Stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.
- When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long vowel at the end of the present stem may be either retained unchanged, replaced by short -i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes short i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:
- errō (errā-) (“wander”) + -tus → errātus , audiō (audī-) (“hear”) + -tus → audītus
- moneō (monē-) (“advise,remind”) + -tus → monitus
- augeō (augē-) (“increase”) + -tus → auctus
Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications; there are some adjectives ending in -stus that originate from s-stem nouns, such as onustus, scelestus, but overall the suffix is rarely found attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in -tus from nouns include a long vowel before the -t-, which may in some cases originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example, barbātus from barba and aurītus from auris[1]), but which at least eventually was subject to reanalysis as part of the suffix; see -ātus, -ītus, -ūtus.
Declension
editFirst/second-declension adjective.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | -tus | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
| genitive | -tī | -tae | -tī | -tōrum | -tārum | -tōrum | |
| dative | -tō | -tae | -tō | -tīs | |||
| accusative | -tum | -tam | -tum | -tōs | -tās | -ta | |
| ablative | -tō | -tā | -tō | -tīs | |||
| vocative | -te | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Cognate with Sanskrit -तुम् (-tum), Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tъ.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪ʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪us]
Suffix
edit-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension
- Forms action nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
editThe verb stem undergoes the same modifications as for the participle suffix; see -sus.
Declension
editFourth-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tus | -tūs |
| genitive | -tūs | -tuum |
| dative | -tuī | -tibus |
| accusative | -tum | -tūs |
| ablative | -tū | -tibus |
| vocative | -tus | -tūs |
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editFrom Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūss, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈtuːs/, [ˈt̪uːs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪us]
Suffix
edit-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension
- Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.
Declension
editThird-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
| genitive | -tūtis | -tūtum |
| dative | -tūtī | -tūtibus |
| accusative | -tūtem | -tūtēs |
| ablative | -tūte | -tūtibus |
| vocative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
Derived terms
editEtymology 4
editFrom Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tos. Compare Ancient Greek -τός (-tós), found in the adverb ἐντός (entós, “within”), and Sanskrit -तस् (-tas), found as an ablatival ending in अतस् (átas), अग्रतस् (agratás).[2]
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /tus/, [t̪us]
Suffix
edit-tus (not comparable)
Synonyms
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ Pike, Moss (2011) Latin -tās and Related Forms[1]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Page 37
- ^ Rosén, H. (2007). "A Latin adverbialization: -(i)tus from separative-locative to manner adverb." Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, 120, 215–230. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40849301
- “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Categories:
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish vastaus-type nominals
- Gothic non-lemma forms
- Gothic romanizations
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin adjective-forming suffixes
- Latin first and second declension suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin fourth declension suffixes
- Latin masculine suffixes in the fourth declension
- Latin masculine suffixes
- Latin third declension suffixes
- Latin feminine suffixes in the third declension
- Latin feminine suffixes
- Latin adverb-forming suffixes
- Latin uncomparable adverbs