-tus
GothicEdit
RomanizationEdit
-tus
- Romanization of -𐍄𐌿𐍃
LatinEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).
Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-daz, *-taz.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix
- Forms the past participle of verbs.
- Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".
Usage notesEdit
Verb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways:
- Stem-final b and g are regularly devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is usually lengthened (due to Lachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high vowel i, as in cōnstrictus from cōnstringō or fictus from fingō).
- A stem-final qu is delabialised, giving c.
- Stem-final v cannot stand before t and is replaced with either u (forming a diphthong or long ū) or c. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants *w and *gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels as Latin v. But Latin c in this context does not always correspond regularly to an original Proto-Italic *gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution of c.
- A stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is simplified to -sus if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly to g-final stems, d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law.
- A stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.
- A stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.
- When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long stem-final vowel may be either retained unchanged, replaced by short -i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes short i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:
- errō (errā-) (“wander”) + -tus → errātus , audiō (audī-) (“hear”) + -tus → audītus
- moneō (monē-) (“advise,remind”) + -tus → monitus
- augeō (augē-) (“increase”) + -tus → auctus
Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications; there are some adjectives ending in -stus that originate from s-stem nouns, such as onustus, scelestus, but overall the suffix is rarely found attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in -tus from nouns include a long vowel before the -t-, which may in some cases originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example, barbātus from barba and aurītus from auris[1]), but which at least eventually was subject to reanalysis as part of the suffix; see -ātus, -ītus, -ūtus.
DeclensionEdit
First/second-declension adjective.
Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | -tus | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
Genitive | -tī | -tae | -tī | -tōrum | -tārum | -tōrum | |
Dative | -tō | -tō | -tīs | ||||
Accusative | -tum | -tam | -tum | -tōs | -tās | -ta | |
Ablative | -tō | -tā | -tō | -tīs | |||
Vocative | -te | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Compare Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tu (whence Czech -tí).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension
- Forms action nouns from verbs.
Usage notesEdit
The verb stem undergoes the same modifications as for the participle suffix; see -sus.
DeclensionEdit
Fourth-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -tus | -tūs |
Genitive | -tūs | -tuum |
Dative | -tuī | -tibus |
Accusative | -tum | -tūs |
Ablative | -tū | -tibus |
Vocative | -tus | -tūs |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūss, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension
- Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.
Usage notesEdit
Same as for the participle suffix.
DeclensionEdit
Third-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
Genitive | -tūtis | -tūtum |
Dative | -tūtī | -tūtibus |
Accusative | -tūtem | -tūtēs |
Ablative | -tūte | -tūtibus |
Vocative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)