Afar edit

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-l

  1. Marks the adessive case: at
  2. Marks the inessive case: in
  3. Marks the temporal case: for
  4. Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of
  5. Marks the testimonial case: by; ... is my witness

References edit

  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 363

Hungarian edit

Etymology 1 edit

From a Proto-Uralic *-l suffix.[1]

Suffix edit

-l

  1. (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun, an adjective or less frequently to an adverb to form a verb.
    csoda (miracle) + ‎-l → ‎csodál (to admire)
    hátra (backwards) + ‎-l → ‎hátrál (to step backward)
    csere (an exchange) + ‎-l → ‎cserél (to change)
    fésű (comb) + ‎-l → ‎fésül (to comb)
Usage notes edit
  • (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. űü.
    -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.

Derived terms edit
As personal suffix, noun-forming suffix, verb-forming suffix, or frequentative suffix
As a frequentative suffix [originally], including its other variants:

Etymology 2 edit

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-lᴕ/*-lᴕ̈ place name suffix.

Suffix edit

-l

  1. (ablative suffix, obsolete) It is of ancient origin answering the question from where? It is no longer productive and is no longer an independent suffix in modern Hungarian. However, it can still be found in suffixes such as -ból/-ből, -nál/-nél, -ról/-ről, -tól/-től, -ul/-ül, in postpositions such as alól, mellől and in several adverbs, e.g. kívül, belül, hátul. In the Old Hungarian era it could express not only direction but also more abstract adverbs.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ -l in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ingrian edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Finnic *-lla. Cognates include Finnish -lla and Estonian -l.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-l

  1. Used to form the adessive case; on

Usage notes edit

Inflection edit

Possessive forms of -l
possessor singular plural
1st person -llaan -llamme
2nd person -llaas -llanne
3rd person -llaa -llasse

References edit

  • V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 44

Old Irish edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Celtic *-lom, from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leh₁- (to let, leave).

Suffix edit

-l n

  1. Forms verbal nouns for verbs ending in ·lá

Inflection edit

Neuter o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -lN -lN -lL, -la
Vocative -lN -lN -lL, -la
Accusative -lN -lN -lL, -la
Genitive -ilL -l -lN
Dative -lL -laib -laib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms edit

Romani edit

Suffix edit

-l

  1. Forms the third-person singular present indicative of vocalic oikoclitic verbs

Romanian edit

Alternative forms edit

  • -ulfor masculine and neuter nouns that do not end in a vowel other than -i
  • -lefor masculine and neuter nouns that end in -e

Etymology edit

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *illu, from Latin ille. Originally followed the noun and became attached to it as an inflection, unlike the definite articles in the other major Romance languages, which go before the noun.

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

-l m/n

  1. (definite article) the (masculine/neuter singular, nominative and accusative)

Usage notes edit

This form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in a vowel other than -e or -i:

The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.

Related terms edit

  • -a (feminine singular nominative and accusative)
  • -i (masculine/neuter plural nominative and accusative)
  • -le (feminine plural nominative and accusative)
  • -lui (masculine/neuter singular genitive and dative)
  • -ei (feminine singular genitive and dative)
  • -lor (plural genitive and dative)

See also edit