-k
See also: Appendix:Variations of "k"
EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle English -ken, -kien, from Old English -cian, from Proto-West Germanic *-kōn, from Proto-Germanic *-kōną. Cognate with West Frisian -kje, German -chen, Danish -ke, Swedish -ka. Perhaps related to Old English diminutive suffix -uc, -oc. More at -ock.
SuffixEdit
-k
AbenakiEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
Usage notesEdit
- Used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
- See the usage notes at -ak.
AfarEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
- Marks the ablative case: from
- Marks the elative case: out of
- Marks the perlative case: via, through
- Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
- Marks the subject of a comparison: than
- (+ én) Marks the material from which an object is made: -en
ReferencesEdit
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 361
BasqueEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- -ek (after consonants)
EtymologyEdit
Unknown. Unrelated to the adverbial suffixes -ki and -ka.[1]
SuffixEdit
-k
- Ergative indefinite suffix.
DeclensionEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ “-k [2]” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk.
ChuukeseEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
EstonianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Cognate with Finnish -kko.
SuffixEdit
-k (genitive -ku, partitive -kut)
- Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
DeclensionEdit
Inflection of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -k | -kud |
| accusative | -ku | -kud |
| genitive | -ku | -kute |
| partitive | -kut | -kuid |
| illative | -kusse | -kutesse -kuisse |
| inessive | -kus | -kutes -kuis |
| elative | -kust | -kutest -kuist |
| allative | -kule | -kutele -kuile |
| adessive | -kul | -kutel -kuil |
| ablative | -kult | -kutelt -kuilt |
| translative | -kuks | -kuteks -kuiks |
| terminative | -kuni | -kuteni |
| essive | -kuna | -kutena |
| abessive | -kuta | -kuteta |
| comitative | -kuga | -kutega |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-kkei. Cognate with Finnish -kki.
SuffixEdit
-k (genitive -ki, partitive -kit)
- Derives nouns from verbs denoting an instrument of action.
DeclensionEdit
Inflection of -k (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -k | -kid |
| accusative | -ki | -kid |
| genitive | -ki | -kite |
| partitive | -kit | -keid |
| illative | -kisse | -kitesse -keisse |
| inessive | -kis | -kites -keis |
| elative | -kist | -kitest -keist |
| allative | -kile | -kitele -keile |
| adessive | -kil | -kitel -keil |
| ablative | -kilt | -kitelt -keilt |
| translative | -kiks | -kiteks -keiks |
| terminative | -kini | -kiteni |
| essive | -kina | -kitena |
| abessive | -kita | -kiteta |
| comitative | -kiga | -kitega |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
May be the same as etymology 2.
SuffixEdit
-k (genitive -gi, partitive -ki)
- Derives nouns from verbs, or sometimes from other nominals. The derivations can express the following:
FinnishEdit
PronunciationEdit
ParticleEdit
-k
SynonymsEdit
- -ko (standard)
HungarianEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
- (plural suffix) -s, -es
- (personal suffix) Denotes the first-person singular present tense in verb suffixes for all moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive).
- (obsolete) Diminutive suffix.
- (obsolete) Instantaneous verb-forming suffix. Part of only a few verbs and suffixes, such as reszket, serken, sikolt, szerkeszt, -kol/-kel/-köl, -kod/-ked/-köd, -dokol/-dekel/-dököl.
Usage notesEdit
- (plural suffix) Harmonic variants:
- -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
- Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
- The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
- If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).
See alsoEdit
IngrianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
Reduced form of -ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced by Russian -ка (-ka).
PronunciationEdit
CliticEdit
-k
- Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.
- 1936, V. I. Junus; P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:
- Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?
- Will you come to us tomorrow?
- Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.
- Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.
- (rare) Alternative form of -ka, -kä (“and not”)
- 1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:
- Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.
- The boy went to the guard, threw himself and didn't see the thief.
Usage notesEdit
- In the interrogative function, when added to a verb form ending in the consonant -t, the full forms -ka and -kä may be used.
ReferencesEdit
InupiaqEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
- dual number in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and dual -k depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting
KashubianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
SuffixEdit
-k m
- Forms masculine nouns.
Derived termsEdit
Lower SorbianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
SuffixEdit
-k m
- used on masculine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived termsEdit
MalteseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Arabic ـكَ m (-ka), ـكِ f (-ki).
SuffixEdit
-k
Related termsEdit
MohawkEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
- continuative suffix
ReferencesEdit
- Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 442
- Akwiratékha’ Martin (2018) Tekawennahsonterónnion - Kanien’kéha Morphology, Kahnawà:ke: Kanien’kehá:ka Onkwawén:na Raotitióhkwa Language and Cultural Center, page 92
OjibweEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
- Alternative form of -g in the conjunct form of d-final inanimate instransitive verbs (vii)
- A suffix denoting the second-person plural to third person singular imperative form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with a Cw ending
Usage notesEdit
In d-final intransitive inanimate verbs (vii), the final d merges with -g to produce -k.
See alsoEdit
Old NorseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronounEdit
-k (enclitic)
- enclitic form of ek
- 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
- Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni
kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi […]- I know that the best / nickname
under the blue sky / that a king might have […]
- I know that the best / nickname
- 9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27:
See alsoEdit
OnondagaEdit
SuffixEdit
-k
- continuative suffix
ReferencesEdit
- Hanni Woodbury (2018) A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language, University of Toronto, page 104
TurkishEdit
| preceding vowel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A / I | E / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
| postconsonantal | -ık | -ik | -uk | -ük |
| postvocalic | -k | |||
SuffixEdit
-k
Post-vocalic form of -ık.
- Derives participle forms of verbs; adjectival and/or resulting state or product of the action.
ReferencesEdit
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Uk" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
Upper SorbianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.
SuffixEdit
-k m
- Used to form diminutives of masculine nouns.
Derived termsEdit
VepsEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
ParticleEdit
-k
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
ReferencesEdit
YorubaEdit
SuffixEdit
-k