-n
English
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle English -n, from Old English -n, rare alternative form of Old English -en (“-en”). More at -en.
Suffix
edit-n
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-n
- Alternative form of -an, adjective or noun suffix meaning "of or pertaining to", used with words which already end in a.
Etymology 3
editFrom Middle English -n, -en, from Old English -n, -en and Old Norse -inn, both from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, *-inaz, past participle ending of strong verbs. Cognate with Dutch -en, German -en, Swedish -en, Icelandic -inn.
Suffix
edit-n
- Alternative form of -en (past participle ending)
Derived terms
editAzerbaijani
editPronunciation
editSuffix
editpreceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-n
- Postvocalic form of -il.
Derived terms
editSee -il.
Basque
editAlternative forms
edit- -en (see usage notes)
Pronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Pronoun
edit-n
- what, which, that
- Eman didazun liburua irakurtzen ari naiz. ― I'm reading the book that you gave me.
- Esaten dizudana egia da. ― What I'm telling you is true.
- Used to form indirect questions.
- Ez dakit nor zaren. ― I don't know who you are.
Usage notes
editThe form taken by this clitic depends on the ending of the verbal form to which it is attached.
- In verb forms ending with -ke, the result is -keen.
- naiteke (“I can be”) + -n → naitekeen (“which I can be”).
- In verb forms ending with -n (excluding second-person singular informal feminine forms, see below), the ending doesn't change.
- nintzen (“I was”) + -n → nintzen (“which I was”).
- In verb forms ending with -t, the result is -dan.
- dakit (“I know it”) + -n → dakidan (“which I know”).
- In second-person singular informal forms, the endings in -k or -n become -an and -nan respectively.
- In verb forms ending in -u where the ending is not related to the -gu, -zu person markers, the result is -uen.
- ditu (“he has them”) + -n → dituen (“which he has”).
- In auxiliary forms ending in -a the ending becomes -en.
- dira (“they are”) + -n → diren (“which they are”).
- All other forms ending in a vowel take the suffix -n and those ending in -z the variant -en.
Declension
editThis pronoun needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “adizkiaren forma-aldaketak, aditz laguntzailea + menderagailuak (-(e)n, -(e)la, -(e)lako...) elartzean”, in Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua [Handbook of Standard Basque], Euskaltzaindia, 2023
Bavarian
editEtymology
editFrom Middle High German -en, a merger of various infinitive forms in Old High German. Cognates include German -en, -n and Luxembourgish -en.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-n
- Used to form verbs.
Derived terms
editChuukese
editSuffix
edit-n
- Alternative form of -en
Emilian
editPronunciation
editPronoun
edit-n (adverbial)
- (enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of in
- Manjēn un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, plural)
Esperanto
editEtymology
editFrom Ancient Greek -ν (-n) (masculine and feminine accusative ending) and/or German -en (masculine accusative ending).
Suffix
edit-n
- accusative ending
- ending indicating destination: in the direction of, and arriving at
Finnish
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-n, from Proto-Uralic *-n (genitive suffix).
Suffix
edit-n
- Used to form the genitive case.
Usage notes
edit- See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the genitive case is used.
- Attached to the weak stem (the stem with the weak grade, except for words with inverse gradation).
- When possessive suffixes are used, the genitive suffix is replaced by the possessive suffix, but the genitive stem is used nonetheless.
- taloni ― my house, tyttösi ― your daughter, kätensä ― his/her hand
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-n, from Proto-Uralic *-m (“accusative suffix”).
Suffix
edit-n
- Used to form the accusative case in the singular.
- Näin tytön. ― I saw a/the girl.
- Tapasin poikani eilen. ― I met my son yesterday.
Usage notes
edit- The genitive singular and accusative singular have become identical in modern Finnish (they have undergone syncretism), but from a diachronic standpoint they are distinct suffixes. The object of a transitive verb may look also like the nominative but is still called the accusative in traditional grammars (see also Appendix:Finnish nominal cases#Accusative). There's also the partial object, which uses the partitive case. For the accusative forms of personal pronouns and the interrogative pronoun ken, see -t.
- -t is used for the accusative plural, which is always identical in form to the nominative plural.
- See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the accusative case is used.
Etymology 3
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-n, probably of the same origin as the genitive suffix (see -n, etymology 1). The instructive singular only exists for a few nouns in modern Finnish (such as jalan from jalka); the case is usually used in the plural (-in).
Suffix
edit-n
- Used to form the instructive case, usually only in the plural.
- Pääsin ojan yli kuivin jaloin.
- I could cross the ditch with dry feet.
Usage notes
edit- See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the instructive case is used.
- The only occasion where this suffix is used with a possessive suffix — without being to be translated — is the idiom käydä päinsä (“to be acceptable”) (the instructive plural of pää + possessive suffix -nsa).
Etymology 4
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-n, from Proto-Uralic first-person singular suffix *-mV, probably connected with the first person pronoun *mV; see minä.
Suffix
edit-n
- (personal) the first-person singular suffix for verbs
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Wikipedia article on Finnish grammar
Etymology 5
edit
Suffix
edit-n
- Alternative form of -ne (diminutive nominal suffix)
Garo
editSuffix
edit-n
- emphasis marker
- Uan re·angaha
- He did go away
- Napbabo, da·on!
- Come in, right now!
German
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-n
- Alternative form of -en
Usage notes
edit- Used after -er, -el except in adjectives, where it is uncommon. Also used after vowels and vowel + -r, -l, but chiefly restricted to dated, poetic, or colloquial usage (except in Herrn, sein, tun).
- The use after reduced -e (as in Affe → Affen) is more often interpreted in such a way that -e is deleted before the suffix -en, because the same happens before other suffixes (cf. Äffin, Äffchen). However, it may also be interpreted as -e + -n.
Hungarian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-n (superessive case suffix)
- on. Forms the superessive case from nouns, adjectives, participles, and certain pronouns.
Usage notes
edit- (superessive case suffix) Variants:
Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú |
Front vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
unrounded e, é, i, í |
rounded ö, ő, ü, ű | ||
nominative | — | ||
accusative | -t | ||
-ot / -at | -et | -öt | |
dative | -nak | -nek | |
instrumental | -val | -vel | |
causal-final | -ért | ||
translative | -vá | -vé | |
terminative | -ig | ||
essive-formal | -ként | ||
essive-modal | -ul | -ül | |
inessive | -ban | -ben | |
superessive | -n | ||
-on | -en | -ön | |
adessive | -nál | -nél | |
illative | -ba | -be | |
sublative | -ra | -re | |
allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
elative | -ból | -ből | |
delative | -ról | -ről | |
ablative | -tól | -től | |
Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként |
See also
editEtymology 2
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-n
- (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Added to a numeral to form an adverb.
- mindnyája (“all of us/you/them”, obsolete) → mindnyájan (“all of us/you/them”, as an adverb, compare “in full”)
Usage notes
edit- (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).
- (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editSuffix
edit-n
- (personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic) Forms the indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).
Usage notes
edit- (personal suffix) Variants:
See also
editIdo
editEtymology
editFrom Esperanto -n, from German -en, Ancient Greek -ν (-n).
Suffix
edit-n
- suffix forming accusative
Usage notes
editThe accusative ending in Ido is only required if the speaker breaks the subject–object word order in Ido, one can not use the accusative ending if the word order is followed. E.g.
- La hundo chasas la skurelo. ― The dog chases the squirrel.
- La skurelon chasas la hundo. ― The dog chases the squirrel.
Ingrian
editSuffix
edit-n
- Alternative spelling of -nna
Usage notes
edit- May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.
Inflection
editPossessive forms of -n | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | singular | plural |
1st person | -nnaan | -nnaamme |
2nd person | -nnaas | -nnaanne |
3rd person | -nnaa | -nnaasse |
References
edit- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[1], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 44
Japanese
editRomanization
edit-n
Mokilese
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Oceanic *-ña (used to mark third person singular inalienable possession)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-n
- used to form the construct state of inalienably possessed nouns
- marks a third person singular possessor of inalienably possessed nouns
See also
editsingular possessor | first person | -i, -ioa | |
---|---|---|---|
second person | -mw, -mwen | ||
third person | -a, -n, -∅ | ||
dual possessors | first person inclusive | -sa | |
first person exclusive | -ma | ||
second person | -mwa | ||
third person | -ra | ||
plural possessors | first person inclusive | -sai | |
first person exclusive | -mai | ||
second person | -mwai | ||
third person | -rai | ||
remote plural possessors | first person inclusive | -hs | |
first person exclusive | -mi | ||
second person | -mwi | ||
third person | -hr | ||
construct form | -n |
Northern Sami
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Samic *-mē, from Proto-Uralic *-ma. Cognate with Finnish -ma.
Suffix
edit-n (with odd-syllable stems -eapmi)
- Forms verbal nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection
editOdd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -n | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -ma | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -n | -mat | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -ma | -miid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -ma | -miid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -mii | -miidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -mis | -miin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -miin | -miiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -min | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom Proto-Samic *-një.
Suffix
edit-n
- Forms instrument nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection
editOdd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -n | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -na | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -n | -nat | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -na | -niid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -na | -niid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -nii | -niidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -nis | -niin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -niin | -niiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -nin | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editFrom Proto-Samic *-nē, from Proto-Uralic *-na. Cognate with Finnish -na.
Suffix
edit-n
- The ending of the essive case.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Etymology 4
editFrom Proto-Samic *-më. Cognate with the first element of the Finnish fourth infinitive -mi-nen ~ -mi-se-.
Suffix
edit-n
- The ending of the past participle.
Usage notes
edit- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Ojibwe
editFinal
edit-n
- nominalizer
Derived terms
edit- atoobaan (“large container for liquid”)
See also
editSuffix
edit-n
- A suffix denoting the plural of an inanimate noun
- A suffix denoting the obviative of an animate noun
- A suffix denoting the second-person singular imperative of an animate intransitive verb (vai)
- A suffix denoting the first, second or third-person singular to singular object form of an animate intransitive verb with an object (vai+o)
- A suffix denoting the first, second or third-person singular to singular object form of a Type 3 transitive inanimate verb (vti3)
- A suffix denoting the second-person singular to singular or plural object imperative of a Type 3 transitive inanimate verb (vti3)
- A suffix denoting the first, second or third-person singular to singular object form of a Type 4 transitive inanimate verb (vti4)
- A suffix denoting the first-person singular to second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with an -aw or Cw ending
See also
editReferences
edit- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/n-final
Pitjantjatjara
editPronoun
edit-n (second person singular nominative, bound form of nyuntu)
- you (singular)
Usage notes
editBound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.
Related terms
editSingular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
First person | ngayulu (I) Bound form: -ṉa |
ngali (we two) Bound form: -li |
nganaṉa (we, more than two) Bound form: -la |
Second person | nyuntu (you) Bound form: -n |
nyupali (you two) | nyura (you, more than two) |
Third person | paluṟu (he/she/it) | pula (they two) | tjana (they, more than two) Bound form: -ya |
Quechua
editSuffix
edit-n
- Indicates third-person singular possessive.
- Third-person singular subject.
- Alternative spelling of -m
See also
editSomali
editSuffix
edit-n
- Added to nouns to denote a specific or particular example
Swedish
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-n
- Suffix for singular definite form of common nouns, especially those ending with a vowel or with an unstressed -el, -er or -or. See also -en
- Suffix for plural indefinite form of neuter nouns, if they end in a vowel. See also -t, -en.
- A version of the -en of the fourth conjugation past participles. This allomorph is used only before the suffix -a, which marks for plural or definiteness. The -na of these participle forms may also be seen described as one morpheme.
- Suffix which creates nouns out of certain verbs, usually denoting a result of an action. See also -an
Zazaki
editSuffix
edit-n
- Suffix which creates nouns out of certain verbs, usually denoting a result of an action. See also -an
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English adjective-forming suffixes
- English noun-forming suffixes
- English terms derived from Old Norse
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Azerbaijani terms with IPA pronunciation
- Azerbaijani non-lemma forms
- Azerbaijani suffix forms
- Basque terms with audio links
- Basque lemmas
- Basque pronouns
- Basque clitics
- Basque terms with usage examples
- Bavarian terms inherited from Middle High German
- Bavarian terms derived from Middle High German
- Bavarian terms derived from Old High German
- Bavarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Bavarian lemmas
- Bavarian suffixes
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese suffixes
- Emilian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Emilian lemmas
- Emilian pronouns
- Emilian terms with usage examples
- Esperanto terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Esperanto terms derived from German
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Esperanto terms with usage examples
- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- Esperanto BRO1
- Esperanto endings
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish case suffixes
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish inflectional suffixes
- Finnish personal suffixes
- Garo lemmas
- Garo suffixes
- Garo terms with usage examples
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Hungarian terms with multiple lemma etymologies
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- Ido terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Ido inflectional suffixes
- Ido terms with usage examples
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian suffixes
- Japanese non-lemma forms
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- Mokilese terms inherited from Proto-Oceanic
- Mokilese terms derived from Proto-Oceanic
- Mokilese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Mokilese lemmas
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- Northern Sami terms inherited from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami terms derived from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Northern Sami terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Northern Sami lemmas
- Northern Sami suffixes
- Northern Sami noun-forming suffixes
- Northern Sami odd nouns
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- Ojibwe finals
- Ojibwe noun finals
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- Ojibwe noun suffixes
- Ojibwe verb suffixes
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- Pitjantjatjara lemmas
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- Quechua lemmas
- Quechua suffixes
- Somali lemmas
- Somali suffixes
- Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish suffixes
- Zazaki lemmas
- Zazaki suffixes