Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *doh₁ (“to”), instrumental singular of *de. Cognate with Russian до (do, “to”), Latvian da (“until, to”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tɔː/

Preposition

*tō

(with accusative) to

Related terms

*ta

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *tō
- Old English: tō, ti — Northumbrian
  - Middle English: to
    - English: to, too
    - Geordie English: te, tiv
    - Scots: tae
- Old Frisian: tō, to
  - North Frisian: to, tö, tu
  - Saterland Frisian: tou
  - West Frisian: ta
  - ⇒ Old Frisian: tote, tot
- Old Saxon: tō, tuo, thuo, te, ti
  - Middle Low German: tô
    - Low German: to
  - ⇒ Old Saxon: tōtō, tōte
    - Middle Low German: tôte, tote, tôt, tot
- Old Dutch: tuo
  - Middle Dutch: toe, to, te
    - Dutch: toe
      - Afrikaans: toe
      - Jersey Dutch: tû
      - Negerhollands: tu, toe, due
  - ⇒ Old Dutch: tuote (< *tō + *ta)
    - Middle Dutch: tote, tot, toete, toet
      - Dutch: tot
        Afrikaans: tot
        Berbice Creole Dutch: tutu
        Jersey Dutch: tut, tût
        Negerhollands: tot, tee
      - Limburgish: tót
- Old High German: zuo
  - Middle High German: zuo
    - Cimbrian: zo
    - East Central German: zu
    - German: zu
    - Luxembourgish: zou, zu
    - Vilamovian: cy
    - Yiddish: צו (tsu)
  - ⇒ Old High German: zuoza, zuozi
    - Middle High German: zuoze