Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/et

Proto-Turkic

Alternative Reconstructions

• *ät (per Räsänen)

Etymology

Usually considered a simplex, being one of the oldest Turkic words and found in every branch except Arghu. In some branches, *et is replaced by *(i)aĺ (or Common Turkic *aš) with the older word undergoing a semantic shift from "meat" to "body" via the intermediary compound *et +‎ *ȫz ("flesh and spirit, man").

According to Borovkov (1961), this word may be a loanword from Sogdian [Term?].

Altaicists compare this root with Literary Mongolian ᠠᠳᠠᠰᠬᠠ (adasqa, “skin, leather”), Orok [script needed] (pē̆te, “seal meat”) (see also Manchu ᡥᡠᠸᡝᡨᡥᡳ (huwethi, “seal (animal)”), from the same supposed root, although this is not mentioned in the EDAL's entry) and Japanese 肌 (hada, “human skin”) (compared also to Proto-Japonic *panta (“skin”)). However, semantics and phonetic correspondences are hardly fit and such comparisons are severely criticized by mainstream historical linguistics.

Noun

*et

1. meat, flesh (of both humans and animals)

Declension

Declension of *et

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*et
Accusative	*etig, *etni1)
Genitive	*etniŋ
Dative	*etke
Locative	*etde
Ablative	*etden
Allative	*etgerü
Instrumental 2)	*etin
Equative 2)	*etče
Similative 2)	*etleyü
Comitative 2)	*etligü

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ӳт (üt, “body”)
  • ⇒ Viryal: ӳт шӳрпи (üt šürp̬i, “meat broth”)
  • ⇒ Viryal: ӳте кӗр (üt̬e k̬ĕr, “to break fast”) (lit. "to enter into meat")

• Common Turkic: *et
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: ات (“meat, flesh”)
      • Azerbaijani: ət
        • → Khalaj: ət
      • Ottoman Turkish: ات (et, “meat, flesh”)
        • Turkish: et
        • Gagauz: et
    • East Oghuz:
      • Turkmen: et
    • Uyghur-Oghuz:
      • Salar: et (etʰ, eʰtʰ)
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: اَتْ (“meat, flesh”)
    • ⇒? Karakhanid: اَتْ یٖارْ (et yḗr, “level ground”)
    • Khorezmian Turkic: اَتْ (et, “raw meat”)
      • Chagatai: ات (ét, “meat”)
        • Uzbek: et
  • Ili Turki: ɛt (et), eʰt
• Kipchak:
  • Mamluk-Kipchak: ات (et, “meat for consumption”)
  • Kipchak-Bulgar:
    • Bashkir: ит (it)
    • Tatar: ит (it)
  • Kipchak-Cuman: et (Codex Cumanicus)
    • Crimean Tatar: et
    • Krymchak: ет
    • Karachay-Balkar: эт (et)
    • Kumyk: эт (et)
    • Karaim: ėt´, эт
    • Urum: эт, йет, at
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kipchak-Nogai:
      • Karakalpak: ет (et)
      • Kazakh: ет (et)
      • Nogai: эт (ét)
      • Siberian Tatar: ит (it)
  • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: эт (et)
    • Southern Altai: эт (et)
• Siberian Turkic:
  • North Siberian Turkic:
    • Dolgan: эт (et), әт (ät)
    • Yakut: эт (et)
  • South Siberian Turkic:
    • Old Uyghur: ʾd (äṭ), ʾt (ät)
      • ⇒ Old Uyghur: ʾtʾwyz (“corporeality, human body”)
      • Western Yugur: iʰt
    • Dukhan: eʰt
    • Khakas: ит (it)
      • Fuyu Kyrgyz: it
    • Northern Altai: эт (et)
    • Shor: эт (et)
    • Tuvan: эът (èt)
    • Tofa: эът (èt)

References

• Borovkov, Aleksandr Konstantinovič (1963) “äт”, in Leksika sredneaziatskovo tefsira. [Lexicon of the Central Asian Tafsir], Moscow: Izdatelʹstvo Vostočnoj Literatury, page 115
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “et”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 33
• Eren, Hasan (1999) “et”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 140
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) “ät”, in Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 51
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “et”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*et”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• ElegantLexicon: Turkic Database