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spirit

See also: Spirit and špirit

Contents

EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle English spirit, a Borrowing from Old French espirit (“spirit”), from Latin spīritus (“breath; spirit”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)peys- (“to blow, breathe”). Compare inspire, respire, transpire, all ultimately from Latin spīrō (“I breathe, blow, respire”). Cognate with Old English fisting (“(silent) breaking of wind”). Displaced native Middle English gast (“spirit”) (from Old English gāst (“breath, soul, spirit”)). More at fist.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

spirit (plural spirits)

  1. The collective souls of man or another entity.
    • 1918, W. B. Maxwell, chapter 7, in The Mirror and the Lamp:
      […] St. Bede's at this period of its history was perhaps the poorest and most miserable parish in the East End of London. Close-packed, crushed by the buttressed height of the railway viaduct, rendered airless by huge walls of factories, it at once banished lively interest from a stranger's mind and left only a dull oppression of the spirit.
    • 1967, MacCormack, Woman Times Seven
      […] a triumph of the spirit over the flesh.
  2. A supernatural being, often but not exclusively without physical form; ghost, fairy, angel.
    A wandering spirit haunts the island.
    • John Locke
      Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all impressions of spirits and goblins in the dark.
  3. Enthusiasm.
    • 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2-2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:
      The result may not quite give the Wearsiders a sweet ending to what has been a sour week, following allegations of sexual assault and drug possession against defender Titus Bramble, but it does at least demonstrate that their spirit remains strong in the face of adversity.
    School spirit is at an all-time high.
  4. The manner or style of something.
    • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity:
      No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or […] . And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in a spirit of thankfulness.
    In the spirit of forgiveness, we didn't press charges.
    • Alexander Pope
      A perfect judge will read each work of wit / With the same spirit that its author writ.
  5. (usually in the plural) A volatile liquid, such as alcohol. The plural form spirits is a generic term for distilled alcoholic beverages.
  6. Energy; ardour.
    • Fuller
      "Write it then, quickly," replied Bede; and summoning all his spirits together, like the last blaze of a candle going out, he indited it, and expired.
  7. One who is vivacious or lively; one who evinces great activity or peculiar characteristics of mind or temper.
    a ruling spirit; a schismatic spirit
    • Dryden
      Such spirits as he desired to please, such would I choose for my judges.
  8. Temper or disposition of mind; mental condition or disposition; intellectual or moral state; often in the plural.
    to be cheerful, or in good spirits; to be down-hearted, or in bad spirits
    • South
      God has […] made a spirit of building succeed a spirit of pulling down.
  9. (obsolete) Air set in motion by breathing; breath; hence, sometimes, life itself.
    • Spenser
      For, else he sure had left not one alive, / But all, in his Revenge, of Spirit would deprive.
    • Spenser
      The mild air, with season moderate, / Gently attempered, and disposed so well, / That still it breathed forth sweet spirit.
  10. (obsolete) A rough breathing; an aspirate, such as the letter h; also, a mark denoting aspiration.
    • Ben Jonson
      Be it a letter or spirit, we have great use for it.
  11. Intent; real meaning; opposed to the letter, or formal statement.
    the spirit of an enterprise, or of a document
  12. (alchemy, obsolete) Any of the four substances: sulphur, sal ammoniac, quicksilver, and arsenic (or, according to some, orpiment).
    • Chaucer
      the four spirits and the bodies seven
  13. (dyeing) stannic chloride

Derived termsEdit

Terms derived from spirit

Look at pages starting with spirit.

TranslationsEdit

See alsoEdit

VerbEdit

spirit (third-person singular simple present spirits, present participle spiriting, simple past and past participle spirited)

  1. To carry off, especially in haste, secrecy, or mystery.
    • 2009 February 8, Dave Kehr, “Buñuel at His Wildest, in Circulation Again”, in New York Times[1]:
      God does not make an appearance, but the Devil (Ms. Pinal) emphatically does: first in the guise of a schoolgirl who tries to lure Simon down with the sight of her shapely legs; then as a bearded but blatantly female Jesus carrying a lamb; and finally as a stylishly coiffed woman who succeeds in spiriting Simon off, by means of a jet, to a Manhattan discotheque — Buñuel’s persuasive idea of hell.
    • Willis
      I felt as if I had been spirited into some castle of antiquity.
  2. To animate with vigor; to excite; to encourage; to inspirit; sometimes followed by up.
    Civil dissensions often spirit the ambition of private men.
    • Jonathan Swift
      Many officers and private men spirit up and assist those obstinate people to continue in their rebellion.

StatisticsEdit

Most common English words before 1923 in Project Gutenberg: early · saying · talk · #450: spirit · sometimes · account · party

RomanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Borrowing from Latin spiritus. Compare also spiriduș.

NounEdit

spirit n (plural spirite)

  1. spirit, ghost
  2. essence, psyche
  3. wit, genius
  4. manner, style

DeclensionEdit

declension of spirit
singular plural
indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) spirit spiritul (niște) spirite spiritele
genitive/dative (unui) spirit spiritului (unor) spirite spiritelor
vocative spiritule spiritelor

Related termsEdit

See alsoEdit

Tok PisinEdit

EtymologyEdit

English spirit

NounEdit

spirit

  1. spirit (physical form of God)
    • 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Genesis 1:2 (translation here):
      Tudak i karamapim bikpela wara na spirit bilong God i go i kam antap long en.
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