Wiktionary

User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Proto-Berber/Word families

< User:Malku H₂n̥rés‎ | Proto-Berber
 This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Here I put groups of reconstructions, such that each reconstruction, taken individually, has few descendants, but such that it is solid as a part of its word family.

Useful

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Appendix:Berber Swadesh lists

Language codes correspondences

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Van Putten : Wiktionary

  • sus. : shi
  • cab. : kab
  • che., chen. : cnu
  • nef. : jbn
  • ber., tam. : tzm
  • auy., awy. : auj
  • fig. : Ø
  • gad. : gha
  • siw. : siz
  • cha. : shy
  • rif. : rif
  • mez. : mzb
  • gua., guar. : Ø
  • cen. (what?) : Ø
  • zen. : zen
  • izn. : Ø
  • tu. : tmh
  • tu. ah., tu. aha., aha. : thv
  • tu. tan., tu. ad. : taq
  • tu. ul. : ttq
  • tu. ay. : thz
  • sen. : sjs
  • zua. : ber-zuw
  • Timimún : Ø
  • Ghomara : gho
  • Ghat (as Gat) : tmh-ght
  • seg. : Ø
  • foc. : ber-fog
  • (Mzab-Wargla: Figuig, Mzab, Wargla)

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Moroccan Amazigh:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Northwest Moroccan:
      • Ghomara:
      • Senhaja De Srair:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig
      • Ayt Seghrouchen
      • Ayt ~Warain
      • Ayt Iznasen
    • Algerian:
      • Tachawit:
      • Northwestern:
        • Chenoua:
        • Beni Snus
        • Beni Menacer
        • Metmata
      • Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
      • Guraga (Timinun)
    • Eastern Zenati:
      • Jerba
      • Tunisian Berber: (Duiret, Tamezret, Sened, Guelala), Guazin (Libya)
      • Zuwara:
      • Jefren
      • Libyan:
        • Sokna:
        • Fogaha:
      • Siwi:
  • Tuareg:
    • Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
    • Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
    • Tamajaq:
      • Tawellemmet:
      • Tayert:
      • Tudalt
    • Ghat: (and Janet?)
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
    • Ghadames:
    • Nefusa:
  • Awjila:
  • Eastern:
    • Tetserret:
    • Zenaga:
  • Para-Berber:
    • Guanche:
    • Numidian:

Plough (ḱ-r-z)

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To plough

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Verb

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*ăḱrəz

  1. to plough

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle: krez
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
    • Algerian:
      • Northwestern:
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 246

Ploughed

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Verb

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*ta-yərz-a f

  1. ploughed (feminine)

Note

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I'm honestly not sure of how to interpret this word.

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle: tayrza, tayerza
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
    • Algerian:
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 246

Inherit (ḱ-s-ʔ)

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To inherit

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Alternative reconstructions

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Verb

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*əḱḱusəʔ

  1. to inherit

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 246, 302

Heir

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Alternative reconstructions

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Noun

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*amăḱḱasuʔ f

  1. heir

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 246, 268, 302

Inheritance

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Noun

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*ta-yisʔ-e m

  1. inheritance

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 246

Knot (ḱ-r-s)

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To tie, to knot

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Verb

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*ăḱrəs

  1. to tie, to knot

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
  • Tuareg: əkrəs

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 246

Knot

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Noun

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*ta-yərres-t f (plural *ti-yərs-en)

  1. knot

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 246

Knotting

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Noun

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*a-səkrəs m

  1. knotting

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300

Tie, knot (ɣ-n)

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Rope

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Etymology

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Derived from *ăqqən (“to tie, etc.”).

Noun

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*a-săɣun m

  1. rope

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: asɣun
  • Tuareg: asaɣon, asăɣon

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 301, 303

Binding

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Etymology

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Derived from *ăqqən (“to tie, etc.”).

Noun

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*ta-wăɣn-e f

  1. binding, tie, tether

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
  • Tuareg: te-wăɣn-e
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 265, 304

To tie, etc.

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Verb

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*ăqqən

  1. to tie, etc.

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 303

Three others, in loose

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To hit

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Alternative reconstructions

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Verb

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*ăwʔət (imperfective *ăḱḱăʔt, deverbal *ta-yăʔt-a)

  1. to hit, knock
  2. to tap

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 283, 285, 247

To tie/knot

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Verb

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*kms (aorist *ăkməs, perfect *əkmăs, imperfect *əkămmăs)

  1. to tie/knot something

Conjugation

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A-Ə, Ə-A, Ə-A-A

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 260

Rope

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Etymology

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From earlier *a-zakăr, from earlier *a-zăʔḱăr, plural *i-zăʔḱar-ăn.

Noun

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*e-zekăr m (plural *i-zakar-ăn)

  1. rope

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 267, 279

Bucket

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It's actually the same reconstruction, but there are many differences so I don't merge them now.

Also, I think (again) there's final -β, whence Ø/h/w.

Bucket

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Noun

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*a-ʔV̆ǵa(w) m

  1. bucket

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
  • Tuareg: ăǵa
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
    • Nefusa: uga (< oga)
  • Awjila: agiw
  • Eastern:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 250

Bucket

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Noun

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*a-ʔga m

  1. bucket

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit: ⴰⴳⴰ (aga)
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
    • Eastern Zenati:
  • Tuareg: ăğa
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Eastern:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 277

Harvest (m-ǵ-r)

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To harvest

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Verb

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*ămǵər

  1. to harvest

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle: mger
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit: mžar
      • Figuig: mžər
    • Algerian:
    • Eastern Zenati:
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 250

Harvest

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Noun

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*ta-mV̆ǵr-a f

  1. harvest

Descendants

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  • Zenati:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 250

Learn (l-m-d)

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Cf. a verb from this root & its Punic etymology, in the Very good reconstructions.

To teach

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Etymology

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Causative of *lmd (“to learn”, literally “to make learn”).

Verb

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*s-lmd (aorist *ĭssĭlmĭd, perfect *ăssĭlmăd, imperfect *əssălmad)

  1. to teach

Note

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However p. 287 there's *səlməd (aor.) *ăssəlmăd (pf.).

Conjugation

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Ə-Ə-Ə, A-Ə-A, Ə-Ă-Ă

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: əssəlməd, əssəlməd, əssəlmad
  • Tuareg: ssəlməd
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 261, 287

Apprenticeship

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Noun

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*a-lămad m

  1. apprenticeship

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
  • Tuareg: alămad
  • Awjila: aləmád
  • Pan-Berber: almad

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300

Blind (d-[rɣ]-l?)

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Blind

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Noun

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*a-mă-ddarɣəl m

  1. blind

Reconstruction notes

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Van Putten states this reconstruction is tentative.

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 268

Blind

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Noun

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*a-dərɣal m

  1. blind

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 299, 300

To blind

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Verb

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*dərɣəl

  1. to blind

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 299

Blind (b-k-ḍ)

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Blind

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Noun

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*a-bukaḍ m

  1. blind

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 299

To blind

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Verb

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*bukəḍ

  1. to blind

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 299

Sheep, goat (no common root)

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Sheep

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Noun

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*te-βăl-e f

  1. sheep
    Synonym: *t-aɣs-e

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: tili
  • Tuareg: tehăle
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Awjila: təvəl
  • Eastern:
  • Para-Berber:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 269

Sheep and goats

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Noun

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*ti-βatt-ăn f

  1. sheep and goats
  2. ovicaprids
    1. caprovine
    2. ovicaprine

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 273

Sheep

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Noun

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*a-zắʔmăr m (plural *i-zăʔmar-ăn)

  1. sheep
  2. (perhaps) male goat

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 279, 294

Male goat

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Noun

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*a-ɣăyd m

  1. male goat

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300

Lamb

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Etymology

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From earlier *a-zamăr.

Noun

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*e-zemmăr m (plural *i-zammar-ăn)

  1. lamb

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 267

Sheep

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Etymology

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From earlier *t-aɣs-e.

Noun

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*t-eɣs-e f (plural *t-aɣs-iw-en)

  1. sheep

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 268, 304

Write (ʔ-r-β)

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Note

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Given this meaning, either it's due to a subsequent semantic shift (as often, it's "to scratch" > "to write"), or it's a borrowing, thus likely from Punic or Latin.

To write

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Etymology

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Verb

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*ăʔrəβ (perfect *əʔrăβ)

  1. to write

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: ari
    • Algerian:
      • Northern Saharan Berber: ari (Mzab and Ouargla)

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 271

Writing

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Noun

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*t-irβ-a f

  1. writing

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: tira
      • Ayt Iznasen: ṯira (izn.)

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 273

Clothes (l-s-ʔ(/β))

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To wear

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Etymology

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From Proto-Afroasiatic *(l-)b-s, with metathesis. Cognate with Arabic مَلْبَس (malbas) from ل ب س (l-b-s) and Egyptian ḥbs. This suggests a reconstruction as *lsβ, see my note below.

Verb

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*lsʔ (aorist *ắlsəʔ)

  1. to dress, clothe, wear
  2. to get dressed

Reconstruction notes

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I'd rather reconstruct *lsβ, on the one hand based on the etymology and the clear correspondence of PB *β with *b in PSem & Egyptian, on the other hand bc it makes sense, as *β often disappears, like *ʔ, and the rests of it in the descendants point to *ʔ, e.g. the /w/ in Central Atlas Tamazight ⵎⵍⵙⵉⵡⵜ (mlsiwt).

Conjugation

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This verb is irregular.

  • aorist, 1st, singular: ắlsəʔ-əɣ
  • aorist, 3rd, singular, masculine: y-ắlsəʔ
  • aorist, 3rd, plural, masculine: ắlsəʔ-ăn
  • perfect, 1st, singular: əlsắʔ-əɣ
  • perfect, 3rd, singular, masculine: y-əlsắʔ
  • perfect, 3rd, plural, masculine: əlsắʔ-ăn

Also:

  • imperfect, 1st, singular: əlắssăʔ-əɣ
  • imperfect, 3rd, singular, masculine: y-əlắssăʔ
  • imperfect, 3rd, plural, masculine: əlắ(/ă?)ssăʔ-ăn

Descendants

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In this order, except for CAT :

  1. aorist, 1st, singular
  2. aorist, 3rd singular masculine
  3. aorist, 3rd, plural, masculine:
  4. perfect, 1st, singular
  5. perfect, 3rd, singular, masculine
  6. perfect, 3rd, plural, masculine

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 273-275, 303

Clothes

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Noun

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*a-sălsuʔ m

  1. clothes

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 303

To shear

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Verb

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*ă-ləs

  1. (deverbal) to shear

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
  • Tuareg: eles (“wool”)

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 265

Rob (ʔ-ḱ-r)

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To rob

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Verb

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*ắʔḱər or *əʔḱắr

  1. to rob, steal

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: ašər, ušer (< **əšər)
  • Tuareg: akər, okăr (< **əkăr)
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
  • Eastern:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 276

Robber

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Noun

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*a-m-ă(ʔ)krăḍ m

  1. thief, robber

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 301

Sewing & sowing (g-n-β)

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Needle

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Noun

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*ta-săgnəβ-t f

  1. needle

Descendants

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References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 271

To sow

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Verb

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*agnəβ (perfect *əgnăβ) (rather *ăgnəβ with ă, innit?)

  1. to plant, sow, seed

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
    • Kabyle: gnu
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig: yni
    • Algerian:
      • Northern Saharan Berber: ğni (Mzab), gni (Ouargla)

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 271

Unclear meaning

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Noun

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*ta-săɣnəs-t f

  1. sort of needle/veil (unclear)

Descendants

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  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Figuig: tisəɣnəss

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 303

Family ()

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Sense

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Etymology

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POS

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*head

  1. [[]]

Descendants

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  • West Moroccan:
    • South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
      • Central Atlas Tamazight:
      • Tashelhit:
    • Kabyle:
  • Zenati:
    • Moroccan:
      • Tarifit:
      • Figuig:
      • Ayt Seghrouchen:
      • Ayt Iznasen:
    • Algerian:
      • Northwestern:
        • Chenoua:
      • Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
    • Eastern Zenati:
      • Zuwara:
      • Siwi:
  • Tuareg:
    • Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
    • Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
    • Tamajaq:
      • Tawellemmet:
      • Tayert:
      • Tudalt:
    • Ghat: (and Janet?)
  • Ghadames and Nefusa:
    • Ghadames:
    • Nefusa:
  • Awjila:
  • Eastern:
    • Zenaga:
  • Para-Berber:
    • Guanche:
    • Numidian:

References

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  • van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN
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